汪星人

楼主^#

更多发布于：2014-07-30 09:41

http://xue.youdao.com/zx/archives/70660

Man's best friend does not like anything muscling in on that friendship. The first experimental test of jealousy in dogs shows that canines nip even at stuffed pooches when these fakes take away the attention of the dogs' owners.
人类不喜欢其他人硬是挤进自己和最好的朋友之间的友谊。近期所做的第一个针对狗狗是不是有嫉妒心的实验表明，当毛绒玩具狗这些假狗把主人的注意力吸引过去，它们也会露出牙齿表示愤怒与不满。
This new findings support the view that jealousy is a primordial emotion seen not only in humans, but in other animals as well, researchers said. The results also show that jealousy does not require especially complex minds, the scientists said.
这一结果成功为“不仅人类会嫉妒，其他动物也有嫉妒心”的猜想提供证据。研究人员说，研究结果还表明嫉妒这一情绪的产生并不需要多么复杂的思想。
Understanding jealousy is an important matter, because of the damage this emotion can trigger. "Jealousy is the third-leading cause of non-accidental homicide across cultures," said lead study author Christine Harris, an emotion researcher at the University of California, San Diego.
了解嫉妒这种情绪很重要，因为它能引发很严重的破坏性行为。研究的主要作者、加州大学圣地亚哥分校一位情感研究员说：“嫉妒是跨文化的蓄意谋杀的第三大原因。”
It is commonly assumed that jealousy is unique to humans, in part because of the complexity of thought the emotion entails, such as gauging what threat a rival poses to a relationship. The vast majority of research on jealousy concentrates on romantically linked jealousy over potential or actual infidelity.
人们普遍认为嫉妒是人类才有的情绪，有部分原因是这一情绪所需要的思想的复杂性，比如衡量对方的什么行为会对一段关系产生威胁。大多数对嫉妒的研究都集中在争风吃醋、猜疑配偶不忠等事情上。
However, scientists have argued for years over whether jealousy does require complex minds. In addition, researchers have noted jealousy is not always about sex, with the emotion frequently concerning siblings, friends and even co-workers. This suggests jealousy, at its most basic level, evolved to protect any social relationship from interlopers. All in all, this hints that jealousy might exist in other social animals; indeed, Darwin suggested that jealousy might exist among dogs, in particular.
然而，科学家在近几年一直争论嫉妒到底需不需要复杂的思维。研究人员还发现，嫉妒并不全与性有关，它还可以产生在兄弟姐妹、朋友甚至同事之间。这表明，嫉妒从最本源层次来说只是为了防止社会关系被外来者破坏。总而言之，嫉妒也会产生在别的动物群体中。达尔文提出，嫉妒的情绪在狗狗中的存在尤其明显。
Harris saw evidence of such canine jealousy first hand. "I was visiting my parents, who have three border collies, and I was petting two of them, and they both wanted to knock my hands off the other dog so that I was petting them with both my hands, not just one," Harris said. "They wanted exclusive attention. That got me to thinking about jealousy in dogs."
Harris第一次亲眼目睹狗狗有嫉妒情绪，他说：“我有一次去看我爸妈，他们养了三条边境牧羊犬，当我抚摸其中两条的时候它们两个都伸出手来想把我摸另一只的手给打下来，这样我就可以两只手都摸它一个了。它们想要得到主人全部的注意力，这让我开始思考狗狗的嫉妒问题。”

Dogs rear their green heads
思想单纯的狗狗
Since no prior experiments investigated jealousy in dogs, the researchers adapted a test used with human infants. A number of studies have found that infants as young as 6 months of age can demonstrate jealousy — for example, when their mothers interacted with what appeared to be another infant, but was actually a realistic-looking doll.
由于之前并没有研究者对狗狗的嫉妒心进行过实验，研究人员就用对人类婴儿采用的实验来进行测试。多项研究表明，婴儿只有6个月大的时候就会产生嫉妒情绪——例如，当他们的妈妈跟酷似其他婴儿的洋娃娃玩耍时，他们就会嫉妒。
The scientists worked with 36 dogs in the dogs' own homes, videotaping the canines while their owners completely ignored their pets in favor of three different items: a stuffed animated dog that briefly wagged its tail, barked and whined; a jack-o'-lantern; and a pop-up children's book that played melodies. The researchers chose relatively small dogs, ones less than 35 pounds (15.8 kilograms) or shorter than 15 inches (38.1 centimeters), since smaller dogs would be easier to control in case their jealousy got out of hand.
研究员选定36只在自己家的狗狗进行偷拍，看看它们完全被主人忽视时的反应。而主人则要完成三个实验特定项目，假装被一个只会摇尾巴、咆哮、呜咽的毛绒狗，一个南瓜灯和一本会唱歌的儿童书吸引了过去。科研者们选择的都是相对较小的狗狗，体重少于15.8公斤或者身高小于38.1厘米，因为小型犬比较好控制，以防狗狗嫉妒心爆发后一发不可收拾。
The owners were instructed to treat the fake dog and the jack-o'-lantern like they were real dogs, by petting the objects and talking to them sweetly. When it came to the book, the owners were asked to read the text out loud.
分到南瓜灯和玩具狗的狗主人需要像抚摸真狗一样抚摸它们，跟它们亲密地交谈，而拿到书的主人则要大声把课文朗读出来。
The scientists found dogs acted far more jealous when their owners displayed affection to the stuffed dog compared with the other items. The canines were nearly twice as likely to push or touch the owner when the owner was playing with the fake dog compared with the jack-o'-lantern, and more than three times as likely to do so when compared with the book. Furthermore, about one-third of the dogs tried to get between their owners and the stuffed toy. And while one-quarter of the dogs snapped at the fake dog, only one did so at the jack-o'-lantern and book.
研究员发现，当它们的主人和玩具狗玩耍的时候所表现出来的嫉妒情绪明显比其它两项强得多，跟南瓜灯比，狗狗推、碰主人的概率要多两倍，而跟儿童书比则多三倍。此外，约有1/3的狗狗试图挤到主人和玩具狗中间，四分之一的狗狗猛咬玩具狗，但是在南瓜灯和儿童书两组里面，只有一只狗狗有如此激烈的反应。
"These weren't just aggressive acts they carried out. They tried positive things like being more affectionate to regain their loved one's attention, to try and gain their relationship back," Harris said.
Harris说：“这不仅仅是攻击行为这么简单，它们像是积极地试图夺回自己深爱的主人的注意力，挽回它们和主人的关系。”
These findings suggest the dogs believed the stuffed toy was a rival. Eighty-six percent of the dogs even sniffed the toy dog's rear end during or after the experiment.
同时，狗狗的表现显示出它们认为毛绒狗是它们的劲敌，有86%的狗狗甚至在实验中或者实验结束闻了假狗的臀部。
"Many people have assumed that jealousy is a social construction of human beings, or that it's an emotion specifically tied to sexual and romantic relationships," Harris said in a statement. "Our results challenge these ideas, showing that animals besides ourselves display strong distress whenever a rival usurps a loved one's affection."
Harris指出：“很多人都认为嫉妒是人的一种社会性结构，或者说它专门跟性和恋爱关系搅在一起。我们的实验是对这种假设的挑战，也可以看出动物在对手篡夺心爱之人的喜爱之时，也会显得无比苦恼。”
The reason for jealousy
嫉妒的原因
These findings also challenge the notion that only humans, with their complex thoughts, can experience jealousy, the researchers said.
据研究者说，这一结果还挑战了“只有人类这么复杂的思想才能有嫉妒的内心体验”这一说法。
"This supports the idea that one can get jealous without needing complex cognition about the meaning of interactions between a rival and a loved one," Harris said. "All you need is losing the attention a loved one gives to a rival."
Harris说：“一个人看到敌人和自己爱的人之间的互动并没有什么复杂的认知也可以产生嫉妒情绪，只需要爱的人将给自己的注意力转移到对手身上就够了。”
Interestingly, "not all dogs showed what we would think of as jealous behaviors," Harris said. "It's possible these are not very bright dogs, who didn't even realize these items were something to be jealous over, or maybe they were very bright dogs who were not fooled by these inanimate objects. Another possibility is that the bond may not have been very strong with the owner."
有趣的是，不是所有狗狗表现的嫉妒行为都跟我们想的一样，“可能有的狗狗不够聪明上了这些毛绒狗的当，而有的太聪明才没有上当。另一种可能是它们跟主人的感情还不是很深。”
Future research might experiment with stuffed dogs that don't bark, whine or wag their tails, comparing them with ones that do, or experiment with other kinds of stuffed animals, such as fake cats or dolls of humans.
以后还可能会让什么都不会做的玩具狗和会叫会摇尾巴的玩具狗或者是用其它动物比如玩具猫或者人偶做实验。
"My guess is that there are going to be two factors contributing to jealousy in dogs. One is the amount of attention and affection a thing is shown, and the second is whether that item is something that looks like another living being," Harris said. "My guess is that dog jealousy is not going to be limited to something that looks like a dog."
Harris说：“我猜可能有两个因素激起狗狗的嫉妒心，一个是一个事物所吸引的注意力和影响力，另一个是它是不是看起来很像活的。我初步估计，狗狗嫉妒情绪的产生绝不仅仅局限于看起来像狗这一点。”
Future studies might also test if other animals get jealous. The researchers suggested examining species in which offspring vie with each other for attention, affection, care and food from their parents, and species in which animals bond in mating pairs. Domestic cats might be an interesting choice for analysis, since they bear litters of kittens that might compete with each other, but do not bond in mating pairs.
接下来可能会研究其他动物是否有嫉妒心。研究人员提议可以研究不同物种的兄弟姐妹之间为了获得父母的宠爱、关心和食物或者为了寻找配偶而如何相互抗争。家猫可能是一个用于分析的有趣选择，因为小猫们可能会相互竞争，但不会存在配偶关系。
Harris and her colleague Caroline Prouvost detailed their findings online July 23 in the journal PLOS ONE.
Harris和她的同事Caroline Prouvost于7月23日在PLOS ONE期刊上在线详细介绍了他们的研究结果。

喜欢5

100%

汪星人

最新喜欢：

100%

di20gaozhong 中级学员粉丝63 关注46 发帖数618 铜币1267枚贡献值5点好评度83 来自最后登录2020-04-11 加关注写私信	板凳^# 发布于：2014-07-30 09:44 ，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，
	回复喜欢(0)

di20gaozhong 中级学员粉丝63 关注46 发帖数618 铜币1267枚贡献值5点好评度83 来自最后登录2020-04-11 加关注写私信	4楼^# 发布于：2014-07-30 09:46 lcsy06：额没抢上啊回到原帖嗯
	回复喜欢(0)