[素材积累]12高中英语语法大全第一部分 词法（鄙视看了不回复的~~~~~）

第12章  名词
一.概念
   名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词,有专有名词和普通名词之分,还有可数名词与不可数名词之分.
二.相关知识点精讲
 1.名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
 2.其它名词复数的规则变化
1） 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：　
　     　two Marys　　　　            the Henrys
　　　　 monkey---monkeys　           holiday---holidays　　
2） 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
　　  a. 加s，如： photo---photos　　     piano---pianos
　　　　　　　　   radio---radios　　      zoo---zoos；
　　  b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　      tomato--tomatoes
　　  c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。　
3） 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
　　  a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs　       roof---roofs
　　　　　　　　   safe---safes　         gulf---gulfs；
　　  b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves　　
　　　   knife---knives　leaf---leaves　      wolf---wolves
　　　   wife---wives　 life---lives　        thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
3.名词复数的不规则变化
1） child---children　     foot---feet　     tooth---teeth
mouse---mice　　　  man---men　     woman---women　
注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：
people　police　cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.　中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
　　　The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜）　trousers,　clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）;　suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  
4. 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较：Cake is a kind of food.　蛋糕是一种食物。 （不可数）
These cakes are sweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。 （可数）
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：
This factory produces steel.　（不可数）
We need various steels.　（可数）
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2） 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：
four freedoms 四大自由     the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice　一则建议。
5. 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。例如：
sports meeting 运动会    students reading-room 学生阅览室
　　      talks table 谈判桌        the foreign languages department 外语系
2） man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如：
　　  men workers　　women teachers　　gentlemen officials
3） 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：
　　     goods train （货车）         arms produce　武器生产
　　　　 customs papers 海关文件      clothes brush  衣刷
　4） 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs　两打鸡蛋　 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树  a five-year plan.　一个五年计划
6. 不同国籍人的单复数
国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese　 two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人 the Australians　         an Australian two Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
7. 名词的格
　　英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1） 单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。
2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle　工人的斗争。
3） 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。
5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（两间）　　John and Mary's room（一间）
6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or two's absence

三.巩固练习
1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.    
a．   little wage    b. few wage    c. wage    d. wages
2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
a.       an ash   b. the ash    c. ash    d. ashes
3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
a.       many preparations    b. much preparation    c. preparations    d. preparation
4.Paiting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
a.       oil    b. an oil    c. oils    d. the oil
5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here.
a.       much    b. lots of    c. a great deal of    d. many
6.The large houses are being painted, but ______.
a.  of great expense      b. at a great expense  c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense
7.The room was small and contained far too ______.
a.much new furniture    c. much new furnitures
b.many new furniture    d. many new furnitures
8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
a. rooms number    b. room number   c. room’s numbers    d. room numbers
9.Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
  a great many…many       c. much…a great deal
  b.great deal of…much    d. many…a great many
10.She didn’t know _____ he had been given.
a. how many information     c. how many informations
b. the number of information  d. how much information
11.He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
a. comrade-in-arms            c. comrades-in-arm
b. comrades-in-arms            d. comrade-in-arm
12.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
a. women doctors               c. woman doctors
b. women doctor                d. woman doctor
13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
a. growns-ups                     c. growns-up
b. grown-up                       d. grown-ups
14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
a.  stander-by                 c. standers-by
b.  stander-bys                d. standers-bys
15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
a.prisoner-of-wars               c. prisoners-of-war
b.prisoners-of-wars               d. prisoner-of-war
16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
a. new reel    b. news reel    c. new-reels    d. news reels
17.Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______.
  a. elder sister    b. elder sister’s    c. elder sisters    d. elder sisters dress
18.All the people at the conference are ______.
   a. mathematic teachers   c. mathematics teacher
b.mathematics teachers  d. mathematic’s teachers
19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
a. some property         c. properties
b. some properties        d. property
20.Physics _____ with matter and motion.
a. deal    b. deals    c. dealing    d. are
四.答案
   DDCCACADCDCADBBBBCCB

第13章  数词
一.概念:
   数词分两类:基数词和序数词.表示数目的词叫基数词,表示须序的词叫序数词.
二.相关知识点精讲
 1.基数词
　　1）基数词一般可写成如345或three hundred and forty-five。
　　2）基数词一般是单数形式，但遇下列情况，常用复数：
　　 a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如scores of people 指许多人；
　　 b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里。例如：
They arrived in twos and threes.　他们三三两两的到了。
　　 c. 表示"几十岁"。
　　 d. 表示"年代"，用 in +the +数词复数。
　　 e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如Three fives is（are）fifteen。
2.序数词
　　 序数词的缩写形式如first---1st　second---2nd　thirty-first---31st等。　
3.数词的用法
　　1）倍数表示法
　　 a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as。例如
　　　 I have three times as many as you.　我有你三倍那么多。
　　 b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size （amount，length…） of…。例如：
　　　 The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.　地球是月球的49倍。
　　 c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…。例如：
　　   The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
　　 d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍。例如：
　　 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
　　2）分数表示法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如：
　　   1/3   one-third； 3/37    three and three-sevenths.
三.巩固练习  
1.______ martyrs have heroically laid down their lives for the people.
a. Thousand upon thousand of     b. Thousand and thousands of
c. Thousands upon thousands of   d. Thousand and thousand of
2.They received ______ of letters about their TV programs.
a. dozen    b. dozen and dozen    c score    d. dozens
3.Who is that man,______ in the front row?
a. one    b. the one   c. first    d. the first
4.We have produced ______ this year as we did in 1993.
a. as much cotton twice      b. as twice much cotton
c. much as twice cotton      d. twice as much cotton
5.The earth is about ______ as the moon.
a. as fifty time big   b. fifty times as big   c. as big fifty time   d. fifty as times big
6.The population of many Alaskan cities has ______ in the past three years.
a. more than doubled  b. more doubled than  c. much than doubled  d. much doubled than
7.The moon is about _____ in diameter as diameter as the earth.
a. one-three as large  b. one three as large   c. one-third as large  d. one third as large
8.Five hundred yuan a month _____ enough to live on.
a. is   b. are   c. is being   d. has been
9.______ of the buildings were ruined.
a. Three fourth   b. Three four    c. Three-fourths    d. Three-four
10.Consult _____ for questions about earthquakes.
a. the six index   b. index six   c. sixth index   d. index numbering six
四.答案
   CDDDBACACB

第14章  冠词
一.概念
   冠词是一个虚词,它置于名词之前,限定名词的意义.冠词可分为定冠词,不定冠词和零冠词三类.
二.相关知识点精讲
 1. a用于辅音发音开头的词前, 如：a book;    an用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an apple, an hour. 请区别：a useful machine,  an umbrella,  a “u”, an “h”。
 2.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the。    
3.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the. 如：the sun, the moon, the earth。    
4.the用于序数词，表方位的名词和形容词最高级前。the first, the best , in the south。        
5.在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。如：the Browns。
6.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如：in the box ,behind the chair。
7.不能用定冠词the的几个方面： (1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August 请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：have breakfast ,play football
  (3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school, by bus ,at night.
8.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：
  in front of 在…前面,  in the front of 在…范围内的前部        
  in hospital (生病)住院, in the hospital 在医院里。
三.巩固练习
1.When Linda was a child, her mother always let her have ______ bed.
a. the breakfast in    b. the breakfast in the     c. breakfast in    d. breakfast in the
2.He has promised to give up ______ hundreds of times.
a. tobacco    b. tobacco    c. the tobacco    d. tobaccos
3.______ usually go to church every Sunday.
a. The Brown    b. A Brown    c. Browns    d. The Browns
4.The train is running fifty miles ______.
a. an hour    b. one hour    c. the hour    d. a hour
5.He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good ______.
a.at the flute     b. at flute     c. at a flute     d. at that flute
6.The investigators found that more should be done for ______ in India.
a.those poor    b. a poor    c. poor    d. the poor
7.You look in high spirit. You must have ______ during your holiday.
a. wonderful time   b.  a wonderful time   c. the wonderful time   d. some wonderful time
8.The city assigned a policeman to the school crossing because ______ traffic there was so heavy.
a .a     b. an    c. the    d. one
9.A new teacher was sent to the village in place of ______ one who had retired.
a. a       b. the    c. an    d. its
10.Virtue and vice are before you;______ leads you to happiness,______ to misery.
a. the former…latter        b. a former…a latter
c. the former…the latter   d. former…latter
四.答案
   CBDAADBCBC

第15章   介词
一.概念:
   介词表示它后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句中其他成分的关系.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.表示地点位置的介词
1)at ,in, on, to
at  (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边”
in  (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。
on  表示毗邻，接壤
to   表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤
He arrived at the station at ten.
He is sitting at the desk.
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
Jiangsu lies in the east of China.
Russia lies on the north of China.
Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Province.
2)above, over, on    在……上
above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对；
  over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。
on表示某物体上面并与之接触。
The bird is flying above my head.
There is a bridge over the river.
He put his watch on the desk.
3)below, under    在……下面
under表示在…正下方
below表示在……下，不一定在正下方
There is a cat under the table.
Please write your name below the line.
2.表示时间的介词
1)in , on，at   在……时
in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。
如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in the night, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等。
on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。
如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。
at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。
如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas， at night, at noon, at this moment等。
注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day.
    2)in, after    在……之后
“in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后；
“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后；
“after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后。
My mother will come back in three or four days.
He arrived after five months.    
She will appear after five o’clock this afternoon.  
3)from, since    自从……
from仅说明什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久；
since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用。
        He studied the piano from the age of three.
They have lived here since 1978.
4)after, behind      在……之后
after主要用于表示时间；
behind主要用于表示位置。
We shall leave after lunch.
Lucy is hiding behind an old house.
3.表运动方向的介词：across, through    通过，穿过
across表示横过,即从物体表面通过，与on有关；
through穿过,即从物体内部穿过，与in有关。
She swam across the river.
He walked through the forest.
4.表示“在……之间”的介词：between, among
between指在两个人或两个事物之间；
among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。
There is a football match between Class One and Class Two on the playground.
The teacher is standing among the students.
5.表示其他意义的介词
1)on ,about      关于
on 表示这本书，这篇文章或演说是严肃的，或学术性的，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读；
about表示内容较为普通，不那么正式。
There will be a lecture on economics this afternoon.
He is writing a book on cooking.
He told me a lot about his life in the summer vocation.
2)by, with, in      表示方法、手段、工具
by 以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具；
with 表示用 …工具、手段，一般接具体的工具和手段；
in 表示用…方式，用…语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等；
He makes a living by selling newspapers.
  He broke the window with a stone.
  The foreigner spoke to us in English.
3)except, besides     除了
except 除……之外，不包括在内；
besides 除……之外，包括在内。
Except Mr. Wang, we went to see the film.(王先生没去)
Besides Mr. Wang, we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了)

三.巩固练习
1. Taiwan is ________ the southeast of China.（in, on, to）
2. Go _________ the bridge _________ the river, you’ll find the shop.（across, through; over, above）
3. I go to school __________7:30  every morning.（in, on, at）
4. He would like to meet her __________8:00 and 9:00 tomorrow morning.（between, among ）
5. The Greens have lived in China ________ three years.（in, for, after）
6. We go to school every day ________ Saturday and Sunday.（except, besides）
7. He wrote the letter _________ ink.（by, with ,in）
8. She returned to her country _________five years.（in, after, for）
9. There is a big tree _________ our classroom.（after, behind）
10. I usually go to work _________ bike.（by, on, with）
四.答案
1.in 2.across, over 3.at, 4.between 5.for 6.except 7.in 8.after 9.behind 10.by

无可取代的好，棒。

谢谢！！