[资料共享]初三英语知识点大全

英语有个很有用的结构，就是：疑问词+不定式动词(question word + to-infinitive)。

疑问词是疑问代词“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑问副词“when, where, how, why
”。此外，连接词“whether”也适用。

“疑问词+不定式动词”结构有何功用呢?其主要功用有下列五种：

 ⑴当主语，如：

● When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.

● Where to live is a problem.

● How to cope with the rising cost of living becomes a daily discussion
topic.

⑵当宾语，如：

● We must know what to say at a meeting.

● He could not tell whom to trust.

● Do you know how to play bridge?

⑶当补足语，如：

● The problem is where to find the financial aid.

● The question is who to elect.

 ⑷当名词同位语，如：

● Tom had no idea which book to read first.

● Do you have a rough impression how to do it?

 ⑸当宾语补足语，如：

● Jim is not sure whose to choose.

● Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not.

适用于“疑问词+不定式动词”的动词包括：“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover,
explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder,
understand”等。

有点值得特别注意的是：当这结构当宾语时，它的作用等于名词分句，例如：

● I could not decide which dictonary to buy. / I could not decide which
dictionary I should buy.

● Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know
where he could find such a good teacher.

有些动词，如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform,
teach”等，可以先有个宾语，然后才接着加上适当的“疑问词+不定式动词” 结构。例如：

● The chief technician showed the apprentice how to repair the
machine.

● Have you told him where to get the application form?

综上所述，可见“疑问词+不定式动词”结构是个形象清新，既容易用又不容易出错的特别结构，可以多多运用。

在英语的合成词(compound words)中，合成动词(compound verbs)的数目较少，主要有下面三种类别：
㈠副词+动词，如 outdo, overcome, undermine, upset, cross-question, withhold, backbite 等。
㈡名词+动词，如 sunbathe, sidetrack, typewrite, house-hunt, browbeat, hoodwink, waylay 等。
㈢形容词+动词，如 whitewash, safeguard, shortlist, blackmail 等。
这三类合成动词中，以第一种最为丰富，特别是那些由“over, under, out”引导的，更显得多彩多姿。
由 over 引导的合成动词含有“太多、过多”的意思，如： overact, overburden, overcharge, overdo, overdress, overeat, overestimate, overpower, overpraise, overproduce, overprotect, overrule, oversleep, overspend, overstate, overstay, overwork 等。
由 under 引导的合成动词含 有“太少、不足”的意思，如： undercharge, underpay, underrate, understate, undervalue, underwork 等。
由 out 引导的合成动词则含有“超过、胜过”之意，如： outdo, outgrow, outlive, outnumber, outside, outrank, outshine, outstay, outstrip, outweigh, outwit 等。

现在举些句子示范：
① The food cost $3, but he was overcharged by 50 cents.
② Some romantic scenes in our TV shows were overdone.
③ Don't overstate your predicament or people will not believe you.
④ Some reporters understated the seriousness of the regional financial turmoil.
⑤ The staff of the company felt that their contribution had been undervalued.
⑥ Chinese swimmers outdid their opponents.
⑦ This type of computer has outlived its usefulness.
⑧ The advantages of the new salary scheme far outweigh its disadvantages.

最后，必须注意的是：不是凡是“over ”就是“过多、太多” ，凡是“under”就是“太少、不足”或凡是“out”就是“超过、胜过”。反之，有些合成动词根本和这几个副词的意思风马牛不相及。例如：
● overhear(无意中听到)
● overlook(俯视、疏忽、忽略)
● oversee(监督)
● overshadow(使……暗然失色)
● overthrow(推翻)
● overturn(使翻覆)
● undergo(经历、遭受)
● underline(在……划线、强调)
● undermine(破坏)
● underpin(加强、巩固)
● understand(理解)
● understudy(充当替手)
● undertake(担任、着手)
● outline(略述)
● outrage(虐待，侵害)
● outspread(伸展)

"We are a licensed Real Estate Agency and one of the fastest growing housing agency in Singapore."
上面这句房地产广告中的话，望文生义，清楚易解，只可惜犯了语法上的一个大忌，就是把复数名词变成单数：agencies→agency.
单数也可以，只是后半部的句子要作调整：“……and the fastest growing housing agency in Singapore.”
调整后的句子避免了语法错误，但是句子的意思有些改变，就是从“其中一个代理商”变成“唯一的代理商。”最好还是从根本的语法错误着手，就是把“one of……”后头的 agency 改为 agencies.这种错误改正，在学生英文作文里，是司空见惯的事，不足为奇的。例如：
① South Korea is one of the Asian country that used to have student mobs.(应改为countries)
② One of the most obvious disadvantage is that the relationship between the parents and the children is not intimate.(应改为disadvantages)
从这样的改正中可以看到在“one of……”这样的句式中，跟着出现的名词必须是可数复数名词(plural countable nouns)如： countries, friends, shops, goats 等，而不是可数单数名词如： country, friend, shop, goat 或不可数名词(uncountable nouns ), 如：love, oil, knowledge, information 等。因此，除了上面 ①和②句子是错的之外，③和④也不对：
③ One of the equipments was damaged.
④ I have special liking for one of the new furnitures.
③和④的错误来自不可数名词 equipments 和 furnitures，因为这类名词是不可有复数的。
其次，必须注意的是“one of……”这样的句式当主语时，后面的动词如果是简单现在时态(simple present tense)的话，一定要跟 one 搭配;one 既然是单数，动词当然也是单数，如：
⑤ One of the fastest growing housing agencies in Singapore is none other than New Century Real Estate Agency.
⑥ One of the effective ways of enriching English vocabulary is to use the vocabulary learnt.
⑦ One of the reasons for bad reading and writing seems to be that people today pay more attention to listening and seeing than reading and writing.
这样的一致性也适用于接系动词(linking verb)的简单过去时态(simple past tense) “was”，如：
⑧ One of the proposals at the meeting yesterday was rejected.
⑨ One of the questions Tom raised at the news conference was irrelevant to the matters under discussion.

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