[英语角]英语被动语态

结构

英语被动语态的构成通常是：“be+done”。但“get+done”也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如： The man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。 How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？

例如：Chinese is spoken by many people. 中文Chinese是动词speak的承受者。被例如中文常说：我被他打，这就是一种被动。但有时由于句子结构上的需要也要用被动，例如It is not unusual for workers in that region to be paid more than a month it 在句中作形式主语。而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”。

语法要点

当https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%AD%E6%80%81 要被改成被动的时候，我们把原句的宾语提前，作为该句的主语，主语后置，作为宾语。因此有一点要注意，https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D 由于不加宾语，没有被动形式，但不及物动词如果与某些介词构成https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BB%8B%E8%AF%8D%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD ，可以用被动。例如The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived. Put在此处是不及物动词，但put out是及物动词。

TENSE	主动语态	被动语态
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%B6	be+V.\V.s	am\is\are+(p.p)
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%B0%86%E6%9D%A5%E6%97%B6	will\be going to	will be +(p.p)
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%97%B6	am\is\are+V.ing	am\is\are+being+(p.p)
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E8%BF%87%E5%8E%BB%E6%97%B6	①was\were②V.ed	was\were+(p.p)
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%97%B6	have\has+V.p.p	have\has+been+(p.p)
过去完成时	had+V.p.p	had+been+(p.p)
过去进行时	was\were+V.ing	was\were+being+(p.p)
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%83%85%E6%80%81%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D	情态动词+V.	情态动词+be+(p.p)

句型概述

①（，一般将来时）：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done . 例如： Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：“环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。”do作为https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D 有“引起，产生”的含义，do damage的意思是“造成破坏”。主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象，谓语应当用被动语态。

④ 其他https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%97%B6%E6%80%81 以此类推，可得到结果。

⑤https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%83%85%E6%80%81%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D 的被动语态：主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%BF%87%E5%8E%BB%E5%88%86%E8%AF%8D ，例如Your teeth must be brushed.

⑥不定式的被动语态：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（确定超过接待能力的预定时必须考虑预定了房间却来不了的客人。

特殊情况

① 有些动词在主动结构中，后面接不带to的不定式，但如果改为被动，则需把省略的to加上，这类https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D 有 [let, make, have,help]和感官动词[feel,see,hear,watch,look at,listen to]，如：The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.

② 含有https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD%E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%A5 的主动结构变为被动，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面/也可采用另一种形式，这类动词有：know, say, believe, find, think, report等

③ 不是所有的主动句都可以变换成https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E5%8F%A5 ，更不是所有的被动句都可以自由变换成主动句。虽然语法原则上允许主动和被动句的互相转换，但有的句子转换后会变成不通顺或不地道的英语句子。因此，在某些题目里，这也成为判断应该用主动还是用被动的依据。

例：At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.

在这段文章里，a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van这句被动句强调出读到文章的人最关心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital这句话则说明了孩子被送到医院的事实，至于是由谁（某个过路人？或肇事司机？）送的不重要。he was treated for shock and a broken arm这句被动句无须说出treat这个动作的发出者，因为在医院，伤病员自然由医务人员处理，无须啰嗦。这样，这段文章就重点突出，条理清楚了。

④ 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。多是把https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%97%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD 变为主语。这样句子自然些。https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD 变为主语时，间接宾语要变为某个介词的宾语，介词to可以省略。如His father left him this house.改为This house was left (to) him by his father.

⑤ 有些动词虽为及物，但宾语并非是动作承受者，不能转换，这些动词有have, hold（容纳）,suit, fit, lack, become（适合）contain, cost, last, mean, suffice（足够）等。

⑥ 当直接宾语为反身代词、https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BB%A3%E8%AF%8D 或宾语前有指代主语的https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%BB%A3%E8%AF%8D 时不用被动，如I shook my head.我摇摇头。

⑦ 当宾语为https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD （与主句指同一人），https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%A8%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D ，https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BC%8F 或一个https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%A5 时不用被动。如John enjoyed seeing the fil,.

⑧ 在一些固定说法中，有些名词和动词结合的固定说法，不能改We Chinese always keep our word.

⑨ 某些从不及物动词转化来的及物动词，直接宾语在表示动作的方式或效果时，这些动词在意思上起https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%8A%B6%E8%AF%AD 的作用，没有被动The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.(这个女孩说了https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%99%9A%E5%AE%89 并且亲了他的男朋友）

⑩ 表地点\处所\组织\长度\大小\数量\程度\抽象名词的词做宾语时不用被动.

⑪ 某些“不及物动词+介词”短语walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with不能用被动。

⑫ 某些词用主动表被动：sell, miss, build, grow, smell, taste, sound, feel等

时态问题编辑
1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been +及物动词的过去分词
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will/shall+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being +及物动词的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7.不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
8.过去将来时的被动语态：would /should+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
He said he would finish the work soon.
He said the work would be finished soon by him.
注意事项编辑
1.不及物动词无被动语态。
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。这些动词主语以物居多，谓语动词一般表示主语的性质和特征。这类动词有许多，如: write, break, selld等。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 感官动词有smell,sound,taste,fell等。使役动词有let,make,have,help,hear,see,watch,notise,look,listen.
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
His mother gave him a present for his birthday.→ He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can't laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
6.一些表示状态的动词没有被动语态。如：have, belong to等。
变换规则编辑
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：
1. 先找出谓语动词；
2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；
3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；
4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。
例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.
4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave

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