[用户互动]主语补足语

主语补足语，语法家们各有不同的看法。有的把https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%BF%9E%E7%B3%BB%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D/4292467 后面的部分称作https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A1%A8%E8%AF%AD/2017501 ；有的又把https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%AD%E6%80%81/87467 后的补足语称作主语补足语，与被动语态一起称作https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%AD/9610442 。如果把带有宾语补足语的句子变成https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E5%8F%A5/8091165 ，原来补充说明宾语的部分就变成补充说明主语了。

https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%AD%E6%80%81 中的https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD%E8%A1%A5%E8%B6%B3%E8%AF%AD ，可以转化为https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%AD%E6%80%81 中的主语补足语。

eg. They caught the boy stealing. （stealing 作为宾语补足语）

转化为被动语态The boy was caught stealing. （stealing转化为主语补足语）

关系：被动语态的主语补足语与https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%AD%E6%80%81 的https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD%E8%A1%A5%E8%B6%B3%E8%AF%AD 是密切相关的。例如：

(1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday.

(2) He was seen playing basketball yesterday.

句（1）中的含义不是我看见他，而是我看见他正在打篮球。playing basketball是宾语him的补足语。所以叫宾语补足语。

句（2）中的含义也不是他被看，而是别人看见他正在打篮球。这里的playing basketball是主语he的补足语，故称作主语补足语。主语和主语补足语一起称作复合主语。所以含有主语补足语的句子一般是https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%AD%E6%80%81 ，https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D 是可以接https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD （宾语+https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD%E8%A1%A5%E8%B6%B3%E8%AF%AD ）的https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D 。句首的主语就是主语补足语的逻辑主语。

形式
1. 动词elect, call, name, make, find, leave等后面常接名词用作主语补足语。例如：
① The dog is called Karl.
② Coal is sometimes called stored-up sunlight.
③ He was found the right man for the job.
2. 动词keep, make, paint, cut, burn, beat, wash, find, consider, wipe等后面常接形容词用作主语补足语。例如：
① The door was painted white.
② The old man was found weak.
③ The classroom is always kept clean every day.
3. 动词see, watch, hear, feel, listen to, look at, imagine等后面接分词用作主语补足语。例如：
① He is often heard reading English.
② The professor was seen making an experiment in the chemistry lab.
③ The glass was found broken.
④ The classroom was found crowded with people.
4.感官动词see, watch, hear, notice, feel, make等后面接带to的不定式用作主语补足语。例如：
① He was seen to come upstairs.
② Ice is known to be in a solid state.
③ The spy was ordered to be hanged.
5.介词短语用作主语补足语。例如：
① The books in the study must be kept in good order.
② He was found in good health.
③ English is considered of great importance for us.
6. as后面接名词、形容词、分词等用作主语补足语。例如：
① English is taken as a useful means for research work.
② The news is considered as true.
③ The stool is usually thought as having four legs
④ The vase is thought as broken.
7. 由what引导的名词性从句用作主语补足语。例如：
The boy has been made what he is.
判别方法
1.看句中的动词是不是可接复合宾语，而且是不是被动语态，与此同时还要看其后部分的逻辑主语是不是句子的主语。
2. 另一种最简单的方法是：如果还不能看出来就可以把全句改成主动语态，加上一个主语we或people等。改成主动语态后，看后面是不是变成了“宾语+宾语补足语”了，这样我们就可以判别原句后面是不是主语补足语。例如：
被动句：She was found reading in the library. (主语补足语)
主动句：We found her reading in the library. (宾语+宾语补足语)
被动语态
一、被动语态的用法：
1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are +及物动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were +及物动词的过去分词
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been +及物动词的过去分词
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be +及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be +及物动词的过去分词
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being +及物动词的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7.不定式的被动语态：to + be +及物动词的过去分词
There are two books to be read.
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：
1. 先找出谓语动词；
2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；
3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；
4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。
例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.
4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
6. You must lock the door when you leave.→The door must be locked when you leave.
三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：
1.不及物动词无被动语态。
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed atby us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.