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[资料共享]谓语动词

楼主#
更多 发布于:2018-09-14 19:21
  1. 5https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D/5990666?fr=aladdin



  2. 谓语动词基本结构


英语句子的成分与https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD 中学的https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90%E6%88%90%E5%88%86 类似,基本构成也包含
非谓语动词树状图主、谓、宾,有时有https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A1%A5%E8%AF%AD 、https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%8A%B6%E8%AF%AD ,还有https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E8%AF%AD 等成分。由做https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%AD 的动词在句子中称为谓语动词。在英语中,动词按作用和功能主要分为两大类,一类是谓语动词,另一类是非谓语动词。
一般来说没有谓语的句子是不完整的,由于谓语是说明主语的,所以没有谓语的例句就像个没头的苍蝇,让人觉得很乱,不知所云。但是有些句子中谓语是可以省略的,比如感叹句,What a silly thing (you have done)!括号内的是句子的主语和谓语部分均可省略。
所以掌握动词用法非常重要,在英语中极为重要.动词做谓语放在https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AF%AD 或https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD 之后,比如:I love you中, love就是谓语动词,又如You know what I know.中,两个know都是谓语成分,紧跟在施动者后.这是谓语动词的普通用法.动词一般都可以做谓语,其中Do可以代替大多数谓语动词.
至于特殊的谓语动词用法很灵活,比如https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%94 中,谓语动词常采用过去时.有的谓语还有固定用法,比如If I were you I would tell him the truth.这里就体现的是虚拟语气中Be动词的固定变化,须识记.
还有一些可充当谓语动词使用的https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D%E6%80%A7%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD ,如turn off,look into,break up... ...
谓语动词(Predicative Verbs),https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%9D%9E%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D (Non-predicative Verbs)
动词可充当非谓语和谓语,充当谓语即谓语动词. 谓语动词在形态变化上受主语的限制,有人称和数的变化,它是一个句子或一个https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%A5 中不可缺少的一部分。
非谓语动词有着https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BC%8F ,https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%A8%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D ,https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%88%86%E8%AF%8D 三大类。其中分词又分现在分词与过去分词,形式上现在分词与动名词相同。



谓语动词概念


表示主语动作的词语和词组.
例如:我看电视.“看”就是谓语.
你正在上网.“上网”也是谓语.
I see a girl.我看见一个女孩.“看见”"see"就是这个句子的谓语.而see也是个动词,所以就叫做谓语动词.
而https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD 动词就是动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如:
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:
1)动词+https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%89%AF%E8%AF%8D ,如:blank out;
2)动词+https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BB%8B%E8%AF%8D ,如:look into;
3)动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B0%8F%E5%93%81%E8%AF%8D 。
引申:非谓语动词也是动词,但不能作谓语,只能作主语、https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A1%A8%E8%AF%AD 、宾语、补语、https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%8A%B6%E8%AF%AD 、定语。非谓语动词又分为动名词、不定式、现在分词和过去分词。



谓语动词比较


1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%AD ,而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。
Miss Mary teaches us English.
玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语)
Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98 先生上周来我们教室和我们谈话。 (to have a talk.... https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BC%8F 作目的https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%8A%B6%E8%AF%AD )
2) 谓语动词受https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AF%AD 的人称和数的限制,而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
Larke likes the pop music.
拉克喜欢流行音乐。 (动词用单数第三人称形式,作谓语)
Larke has nothing to do today.
拉克今天没什么事要做。(do 用https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8E%9F%E5%BD%A2 ,补充说明nothing)
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%9D%9E%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D 的特征
1 如果非谓语动词是https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D ,后面须跟宾语。
Studying English is my favorite.
学习英语是我的爱好。(studying 后跟宾语)
To help him is my duty.
帮助他是我的责任。(help 后跟宾语)
2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%8A%B6%E8%AF%AD 或https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%AF%AD 。
Working under such a condition is terrible.
在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语)
It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.
他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。(for him 作不定式的逻辑主语)
3 非谓语动词仍有语态和https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%97%B6%E6%80%81 的变化。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.
对不起让你久等了。(to have kept...是https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BC%8F 的完成形式)
Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.
从山上看,这座城市美丽多了。(Seen from...是分词的被动形式)
4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。
Our coming made him happy.
我们的到来使他很高兴。(coming 起名词作用)
There are two big swimming pools here.



谓语动词主谓一致


主谓一致是指:
1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3) https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B0%B1%E8%BF%91%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99 ,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,
一般来说,https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E6%95%B0%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D 用动词单数,可数https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D%E5%A4%8D%E6%95%B0 用动词复数。
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%8D%E6%95%B0%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D 时,谓语动词用复数形式。
e.g. Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
Large quantities of water are needed.
Large amounts of money are enough.
In western countries, mountains of rubbish are thrown away each day.
1. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B9%B6%E5%88%97%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84 作主语时谓语用复数。
Reading and writing are very important.
注意: 当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
2.如果以what从句作主语,表语又是单数,主句的谓语动词一般用单数;如果表语是复数,主句的谓语动词一般用复数。
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
What his father left him are a few English books.
注意:当what引导的名词性分句作主语时,主谓一致问题极为复杂。著名学者https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%91%A8%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%AD 教授在论文《关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题》中就这一问题做了深入研究,并给出了10种的主谓一致关系。这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意。[1]



谓语动词典型例题


例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C.。本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好像是两个人,但仔细辨别, monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%9A%E5%86%A0%E8%AF%8D 。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%BA%94%E9%80%89 B。
主谓一致中的靠近原则
1) 当there be https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8F%A5%E5%9E%8B 的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2)当either… or… 与neither… nor, 连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.
谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.
No one except his own supporters agrees with him
有时依“就近一致原则”,但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和她当时都不在那儿。(非正式)
  Neither she nor I was there .(就近一致)(译文同上句)(正式)但是,如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时,则常常认为是不太合符规范的。No one except his own supporters agree with him .
  仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。(依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则;但语法上,“No one ”才是主语,谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。)如上:
谓语需用单数
1) https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AF%8D each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.
2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。
3) 表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D 作主语 时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可,意思不变。)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten yuan is enough.
指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1) 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
All is right. (一切顺利。)
All are present. (所有人都到齐了。)
2) https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D 作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8D%95%E6%95%B0 时表示该个集体。
His house isn't very large. 他的家不大。
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?
3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
与后接名词或代词保持一致
1) 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致。
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2) 在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。
再见今天
未经允许,千万不要点击千万不要点击今遭老冷饿,多穿点衣裳
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沙发#
发布于:2018-09-14 19:21
谓语动词指的是在句子中可以单独作谓语的动词,主要由实义动词充当。另外,某些动词短语也可以是谓语动词。在英语中,动词按作用和功能主要分为两大类,一类是谓语动词,另一类是非谓语动词。

助动词,情态动词不能单独作谓语,只能协助主要动词一起构成谓语动词,因此不在谓语动词的范畴。
再见今天
未经允许,千万不要点击千万不要点击今遭老冷饿,多穿点衣裳
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