[table=656][tr][td=1,1,656]一、
词类、句子成分和构词法:一).
词类:英语词类分十种:[table][tr][td]
名词(
n.)[/td][td]表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称[/td][td]
boy, morning, bag, ball, class[/td][/tr][tr][td]
代词(
pron.)[/td][td]主要用来代替名词[/td][td]
who, she, you, it[/td][/tr][tr][td]
形容词(
adj..)[/td][td]表示人或事物的性质或特征[/td][td]
good, right, white, orange[/td][/tr][tr][td]
数词(
num.)[/td][td]表示数目或事物的顺序[/td][td]
one,two,first,second,third[/td][/tr][tr][td]
动词(
v.)[/td][td]表示动作或状态[/td][td]
am, is,are,have,see[/td][/tr][tr][td]
副词(
adv.)[/td][td]修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等[/td][td]
now, very, here, often, slowly[/td][/tr][tr][td]
冠词(
art..)[/td][td]用在名词前,帮助说明名词[/td][td]
a, an, the[/td][/tr][tr][td]
介词(
prep.)[/td][td]表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系[/td][td]
in, on, from, above, behind[/td][/tr][tr][td]
连词(
conj.)[/td][td]用来连接词、短语或句子[/td][td]
and, but, before[/td][/tr][tr][td]
感叹词(
interj..)[/td][td]表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情[/td][td]
oh, well, hi, hello[/td][/tr][/table]二).
句子成分:英语句子成分分七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语:句子的主体,全句述说的对象。回答是“谁”或者“什么”。一般由
名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句担当,位于句首。如:The boy needs a pen.Smoking is bad for you = To smoke is bad for you
2、谓语:说明主语的动作或状态。回答“做(什么)”。由动词或系动词加表语担任,常置于主语后。如:The train leaves at 6 o’clock.She is reading.
3、宾语:表示动作的对象。回答做的是“什么”。一般由
名词或代词担当,常置于谓语后。如:He won the game.He likes playing computer.
注意:1) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物(直接宾语),一个指人(间接宾语)。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)2) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
4、表语:用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。一般由
名词或形容词担任,置于系动词或be动词之后。如:He is a student. We are tired.
注意:除了be 系动词外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,1)表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2)表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。
5、定语:对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。如:The black bike is mine.(形容词)The boy in blue is Jim.(介词短语)I have nothing to do today.(动词不定式)
注意:1)当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything , everything , something等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如: I tell him something interesting.2)不定式、短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。例如:The boys who are in the room are playing games.
6、状语:用以修饰动词、形容词、副词及全句,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任位置灵活。1)修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;如:I am very sorry.2)表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首。如:In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth.They are writing English in the classroom.3)一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。如:We often help him.He is always late for class.
7、补语:补充说明宾语怎么样或干什么,。由
n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后。如:He made me sad.(形容词)She asks me to take an umbrella.(不定式)The war made him a soldier.(名词)I find him at home.(介词短语)I saw a cat running along the wall.(分词)
8、同位语:通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况, 它可以由
名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。如:Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.I myself will do the experiment.She is the oldest among them six.一).
构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。
1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法:(1)派生名词:①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容词:①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious(3)派生副词:①形容词+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、转换法:(1)形容词→动词,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词→名词,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。(3)名词→动词,如:hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。(4)形容词→副词,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。(5)副词→连词,如:when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。(6)介词→副词,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续)。
一、 名词:
一).
名词的数1、 可数名词一般是个体名词,如a boy(一个男孩),集体名词a family(一个家庭),可数名词在句子中必须
有头或是有尾,头就是a,one,an或物主代词;尾就是复数形式。1)
规则复数变化形式:[table][tr][td]
情况[/td][td]
构成方法[/td][td]
读音[/td][td]
例词[/td][/tr][tr][td]
一般情况[/td][td]加-s[/td][td]清辅音后读/s/,浊辅音读/z/[/td][td]book→bookskey→keys[/td][/tr][tr][td]
以o结尾的表示有生命的名词[/td][td]加-es[/td][td]读/z/[/td][td]tomato→tomatoespotato→potatoes[/td][/tr][tr][td]
以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的名词[/td][td]加-es[/td][td]读/iz/[/td][td]bus→buseswatch→watchesbox→boxes[/td][/tr][tr][td]
以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的名词[/td][td]加-s[/td][td]读/iz/[/td][td]case→casesorange→oranges[/td][/tr][tr][td]
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词[/td][td]变y为i,再加-es[/td][td]读/z/[/td][td]family→familiesparty→parties[/td][/tr][tr][td]
以f或fe结尾的名词[/td][td]变f或fe为v,再加-es[/td][td]读/z/[/td][td]knife→knivesleaf→leaves[/td][/tr][/table]2)
不规则复数变化形式:[table][tr][td]
变内部元音字母[/td][td]foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth- teeth, man-men[/td][/tr][tr][td]
词尾加en[/td][td]child-children, ox-oxen[/td][/tr][tr][td]
单复数同形[/td][td]fish, sheep, deer, means, Chinese, yuan, jin, li[/td][/tr][/table]3)
特殊的复数形式:a) 集体名词:集体名词不能运用具体的数字修饰,下面的集体名词,不能用a,one,two等修饰,只能在其前加the表示“全体……”。the police 警察(指全体警察) the English 英国人(指全体英国人)b) 复合名词a woman teacher—women teachers女教师 an Englishman—Englishmen英国男子a brother-in-law—brothers-in-law 小叔、大伯 a grown-up—grown-ups 成人
2、 不可数名词专有名词:NBA美篮协会 Michael Jackson 迈克杰克逊 the West Lake 西湖物质名词:液体:milk water tea coffee juice oil(油)肉类:beef chicken mutton pork天气:weather rain snow wind light 光其他:news(新闻,消息) bread(面包)抽象名词:fun love luck duty kindness善良happiness幸福progress进步【注意】有些
不可数的物质名词有
复数形式,但表达不同意义。tea— different kinds of teas 不同种类的茶food 食品 — all kinds of foods 各种各样的食品fruit 水果 — all kinds of fruits 各种各样的水果glass 玻璃— a glass 一个玻璃杯 — glasses 眼镜、玻璃杯一).
名词的格1、表示
有生命的东西的名词所有格。①一般在单数或复数名词后加
-'s。如:Tom's chair; the children's bedroom②以-s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'”。如:the students' reading room③并列名词 表示各自所属时,在两个名词之后都加’s;
w表示共同所属时。在最后一个名词后加's。如:Tom and Mike
's father 汤姆和迈克的父亲(俩人共有的父亲)Tom
’s and Mike
’s father
s 汤姆的父亲和迈克的父亲(俩人各自的父亲)④表示店铺,某人的家,私人开的诊所、餐馆等,其所有格后的名词(如shop等)可以省略。如: at Tom’s 在汤姆家里 at the tailor's在裁缝店 at a chemist's在药店2、表示
无生命的东西的名词的所有格,常常用“
of+名词”的形式。如:the covers of the book(s)书的封面 a photo of my family一张我家的全家福【注意】:①表示有生命东西的名词,如果名词较长或名词的定语较长.也可用“of+名词”的形式。如:the works of Lu Xun, Lao She and Mao Dunthe founding of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国的成立②表示时间、距离、集体、城市、国家、团体、机构及某些惯用语中的名词,可用-'s。如:yesterday's newspaper昨天的报纸 five minutes’ drive开车五分钟的路程③of短语所表示的是修饰名词的具体内容或材料。如: a map of the world 世界地图 a ring of gold 金戒指④某些习惯用法中of短语不能替换's结构。如: teachers' office 教师办公室 children's book 儿童读物
二、 代词:
英语中代词有人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词。一).
人称代词:[table][tr][td]
人 称[/td][td]
单 数[/td][td]
复 数[/td][td]
[/td][td]
[/td][/tr][tr][td]
主 格[/td][td]
宾 格[/td][td]
主 格[/td][td]
宾 格[/td][td]
[/td][/tr][tr][td]
第一人称[/td][td]I[/td][td]me[/td][td]we[/td][td]us[/td][/tr][tr][td]
第二人称[/td][td]you[/td][td]you[/td][td]you[/td][td]you[/td][/tr][tr][td]
第三人称[/td][td]hesheit[/td][td]himherit[/td][td]they[/td][td]them[/td][/tr][tr][td]通 称[/td][td]one[/td][td]ones[/td][td]
[/td][td]
[/td][/tr][/table]1、主格用来做句子的主语、表语。
如: I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物)Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗?)That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他!)2、宾格用来做及物动词或者介词的宾语
如:Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?)Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。
如: –It’s I/me.(是我。)三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。
如:Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) –Who will go there?(谁要去那儿?) –You and me.(你和我)4、人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。
如:--What’s the weather like today?(今天天气怎样?)—It’s fine.(天气晴好) /--What’s the time?(几点啦?) –It’s 12:00.(12点)It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空)We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)二).
物主代词:[table][tr][td]
人 称[/td][td]
单 数[/td][td]
复 数[/td][td]
[/td][td]
[/td][/tr][tr][td]
形容词性[/td][td]
名词性[/td][td]
形容词性[/td][td]
名词性[/td][td]
[/td][/tr][tr][td]
第一人称[/td][td]my[/td][td]mine[/td][td]our[/td][td]ours[/td][/tr][tr][td]
第二人称[/td][td]your[/td][td]yours[/td][td]your[/td][td]yours[/td][/tr][tr][td]
第三人称[/td][td]his her its[/td][td]his hers its[/td][td]their[/td][td]theirs[/td][/tr][tr][td]
通 称[/td][td]one's[/td][td]
[/td][td]
[/td][td]
[/td][/tr][/table]
1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如:Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.
2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面
千万不可以跟名词。如:This is your cup, but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿?)Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们教室很大,我们的相当小)
3、“
of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如:A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个。)[试比较] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友)三).
反身代词:[table][tr][td]
人 称[/td][td]单 数[/td][td]复 数[/td][/tr][tr][td]
第一人称[/td][td]myself[/td][td]ourselves[/td][/tr][tr][td]
第二人称[/td][td]yourself[/td][td]yourselves[/td][/tr][tr][td]
第三人称[/td][td]himselfherselfitself[/td][td]themselves[/td][/tr][tr][td]
通 称[/td][td]oneself[/td][td]
[/td][/tr][/table]
1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如:Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如:The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)四).
不定代词:常见的有some,any,all,none,both,either,either,each, other,another,much,many,few,little,one等五).
指示代词:常见的有this,that,these,those1、 指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。[table][tr][td]Who[/td][td]whom[/td][td]whose[/td][td]which[/td][td]what[/td][/tr][tr][td][/td][td][/td][td][/td][td][/td][td][/td][/tr][tr][td]谁(主格)[/td][td]谁(宾格)[/td][td]谁的[/td][td]哪个,哪些[/td][td]什么[/td][/tr][/table]如:What’s this?(这是什么?)That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飞机是塑料做的)(被动句)Remember never to do such things.(记得永远不要做这样的事情)Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老师说的做)---Who is it?(是谁?) ---It’s me!(是我!)【注意】名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:1. 主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2. 集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,3. 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)4. 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)5. Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊)6. There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)7. maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)8. glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,谓语用复数。The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)9. a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)10. and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)11. there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)12. 用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)13. 主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)14. either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对/你和他有一个人是对的)Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)15. 表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
三、 数词:分类:数词有
基数词和
序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。一).
基数词:表示数目的词叫基数词。1、 英语中常用的基数词有:
1000→one(a) thousand,10000→ ten thousand,100000→one hundred thousand ,1000000→one million,10000000→ten million,100000000→one hundred million,108→one hundred and eight, 146→one hundred and forty-six,500→five hundred , 1001→one thousand and one, 1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen.
[注意]:(1)百位与十位之间要加and;十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间通常也要加and。(2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看, 每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第一个逗号之前要用thousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三的逗号之前要用billion表示。(3) hundred、 thousand、 million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one, two, …等其它数词。用作名词时复数表示“成…上…”,后面必须要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等词。如:five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一万), thousands of(成千上万的), millions of(成百万的)一).
序数词:表示顺序的数词叫序数词。1、英语的序数词基本变法:(1) 一般在基数词后加
th,(2)
-ve结尾的改为
-fth,(3)
-ty结尾的改为
-tieth,(4)熟记特殊词。
2、序数词如下:
1000th→one thousandth, 1000000th→one millionth.,第703→the seven hundred and third,第5480→the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.
3、注:(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。如:thirty-sixth,(2) 使用序数词时一般加定冠词the. 如:I’m in the third grade.(3) 序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。如:1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→ two thirds ; 4/7→ four sevenths ; 1/2→ a half ; 1/4→a quarter ; 3/4→ three quarters ; 50%→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).
4、数词的用法:1) 表示年份:2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.2) 表示日期: 12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December;2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.3) 表示时刻: 5:15→ five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8:30→ eight thirty或half past eight ; 10:45→ ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.4) 表示编号:Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen; P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine5) 小数的读法:5.7→ five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.6) 6、“半”的表达: 1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour, 1.5小时→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.7) 序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。如:The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三课相当难)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我们把课文读第三遍,好吗?)
一、 冠词
一).
冠词分类:英语中冠词有
不定冠词a / an和
定冠词the两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。
二).
不定冠词a / an的用法:不定冠词
a / an用在单数名词的前面,
a用在辅音开头的词前面;
an用在元音开头的词的前面。(1) 表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)(2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如:A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。)(3) 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)(4) 表示“一”这个数量。如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)(5) 几个用不定冠词的习语:a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声)等等。三).
定冠词the的用法:定冠词
the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。
1、定冠词的基本用法:(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)(1) 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)(2) 复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。)(3) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)(4) 用在表示方位的名词前面。如:There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地 区将会刮大风。)(5) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去?)Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)(6) 常用在乐器名称的前面。如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)(7) 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从没有去过喜马拉雅山)(8) 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)(9) 用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林家要去峨眉山)(10) same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily lookthe same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)(12)几个用定冠词的习语:at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
2、一些不用冠词的情况:(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:China is a very large country.(中国是个大国)Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)(2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如:My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)(3) 周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如:He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如:Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)(5) 三餐饭前不用。如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)(6) 节、假日前一般不用。如:On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)(7) 球类名词前不用。如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)(8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如:They are now at People’s Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院)(9) 一些习惯用语中不用。如:(1)at / to / from / out of / after / for school; (2) in / to / for / after class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷after / at/ from / out of / to work;⑸at / to sea;⑹ in / from / down / to town;⑺ at / from home;⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight;⑽ on foot;⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿on top of;⒀ in front of;⒁ on show/display/duty/watch;⒂ in / out of hospital;⒃at all; ⒄ on/in time;⒅ at first/last/once;⒆ in Chinese/English,etc.;⒇ take care of
一、 形容词、副词:
一).
形容词:用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。1、
形容词的
句法作用:作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。1)
作定语,一般放在所修饰词的前面。但形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词时,须放在其后;形容词修饰疑问代词时,也须放在其后。如:It’s a cold and windy day.Would you like something hot to drink?2)
作表语,放在系动词的后面。常见的系动词有be, become, get(变), make(使), turn(变), keep, feel, look(看起来), seem, smell, sound, taste。如:He looks happy toady. 他今天看起来高兴。Silk feels soft. 绸子摸起来很软。Milk is able to turn bad easily in summer.夏天,牛奶容易变质。3)
作宾语补足语,形容词作宾补时,应放在宾语之后,表示宾语的性质、状态或身份等。如: We are making our country strong.2、
形容词在句子中的位置:1) 作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如:a big yellow wooden wheel(一个黄色的大木轮)2) 作表语时放在连系动词之后。如:The price sounds reasonable.(这个价格听起来算是合理)3) 作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如:We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁)4) 后置的情况:① 修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如:Something serious has happened to him.(他发生了严重的事故)② 与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。如:He’s 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球离地38万公里)一).
副词:用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。1、
副词的分类:(见下表)
2
、副词在句子中的位置以及作用:【注意:】副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。一、副词的位置:1) 在动词之前。2) 在be动词、助动词之后。3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。He speaks good English.二、副词的排列顺序:1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully.3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。4) 副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。改错:(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much.5) 副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。如:I don't know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.⑴
作状语:①
时间副词:一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在动词的前面。如:We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我们明天要去参观长城)They have already been to the UK twice.(他们去过英王国两次)Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到回家的路)②
频度副词:一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimes、often等还可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、three times等一般放在句尾。如:Sometimes I get up early.(我有时起得早)The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭)Take this medicine twice a day.(这种药一天吃两次)①
方式副词:一般放在行为动之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。如:Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人几乎不可能走得和年轻人一样快)Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看见了一丝亮光)②
地点副词:一般放在句尾,但here、there还可放在句首。如:There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上万的自行车朝各个方向流动)The frightened wolf ran away.(受到惊吓的狼逃开了)He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回)⑤
程度副词:修饰动词时,放在动词之前;修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副词之前。但注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面;only位置比较灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如:I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告诉我,我几乎把那事全忘了)It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪以至我不能相信我的耳朵)She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地赶到车站赶上了首班车)⑥
疑问副词:用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句首。如:When and where were you born?(你何时何地出生?)Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小爱迪生为什么要坐在鸡蛋上?)How do you do?(你好!)⑦
连接副词:用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在从句中作状语。如:How I am going to kill the cat is still a question.(我打算怎样杀死那只猫还是个问题)That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因)He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎样做那事)⑧
关系副词:用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。如:This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived.(这就是张先生曾经住过的地方)Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well.(请告诉我你的英语是怎样学得这么好的方法)⑨
其它副词:too“也”,用在句尾;also放在动词前;either “也不”,放在句尾;nor“也不”,放在句首;so“如此,这样”,放在形容词、副词前;on/off“开/关”放在动词之后;not放在be之后、助动词之后、不定式或动名词之前;maybe/perhaps放在句首;certainly放在句首或动词之前。如:He went to the Palace Museum and I went there, too.(他去了故宫博物院,我也去了)Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也许你的票就在你的里边衣袋里)--Tom doesn’t have a computer. –Nor do I.(汤姆没有计算机,我也没有。)(2)
作表语:地点副词一般可以作表语,放在
be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置。如:I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我离开家乡有将近20年了)Jim is over there.(吉姆就在那边)(3)
作定语:时间副词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词的后面。如:People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.(现在的人们经常在餐馆里吃节日晚宴)Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.(在二十世纪20年代那儿的女人过着可怕的日子)(4)
作宾语补足语:地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。如:Put your dirty socks away, Jim! They are giving out bad smell!(吉姆,把你的脏袜子拿开!它们在散发着臭气。)Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父亲把他关在家里做作业)[注意] “动词+副词”的宾语如果是代词,则该副词应该放在代词之后。如:He wrote down the word.(他写下了那个词。)→He wrote it down.(他把它写了下来。)3、
有关副词的重要注释:⑴
as…as…常构成一些词组:as soon as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同样), as+形容词/副词+as possible(尽可能……地)。如:Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(请你一到北京就给我写信。)Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐尽快地赶到了校门口。)[注释] “as long / much as + 名词”可以表示“长达/多达…”的含义。如:The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花费高达50万元。)They stayed in the cave as long as two weeks.(他们呆在山洞里长达两周。)⑵
later、after、ago、before的用法:①“一段时间+later/ago”分别表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要②“after/before+某个时刻”分别表示“在某时刻之后/之前”,此时两个词是介词。③ago与before:ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时。如:He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一个事故)Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(数年后这个男孩成了著名的歌唱家)Have you been there before?(你从前到过那儿吗?)After a few years he gave up smoking.(过了几年他戒了烟。)⑶
above、below、over、under的用法:在上下方用above和below,在高低处用over和under. 当above、below、over、under是介词性质时,意义相似。如:The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高挂在空中)A plane flew over quickly.(一架飞机从头顶飞过。)⑷
too、also、either、nor的用法:too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开;also(“也”)用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前;either(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开;nor(“也不”)用于倒装句句首;如:Are you American,too?(你也是美国人吗?)He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。)He didn’t watch the football game. Nor did I.(他没有看足球赛,我也没有。)You can also find the market is very good.(你还可以发觉那个市场很好。)⑸
enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法:enough (“足够,十分”)放在形容词或副词之后;too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相当”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容词或副词之前,very much(“非常”)放在动词之后。如:It’s too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太贵/那么贵/非常贵/相当贵。)I don’t like sweets very much.(我不很喜欢糖果)
[注意] very与 much的区别:very修饰形容词、副词的原级和现在分词形容词,much修饰形容词和副词的比较级;much还可以修饰疑问句和否定句中的动词,very不可以。如:He is very stupid.(他很笨)The film was very moving and everyone swept.(电影非常动人,大家都哭了)You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得学习更努力,不然你考不进那所好学校)I don’t like him much.(我不太喜欢他)⑹
sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法:sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、 some times(数次)表示次数、some time(一些时间)表示一段时间。如:Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他们有时徒步旅行到山里)I will stay here some time.(我会在这儿呆些时候的。)I will meet your father sometime.(我什么时候要见见你的父亲。)⑺
how、what用于感叹句的用法:对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用how,对人或事物(可能含有形容词作修饰语)进行感叹用what.如:What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天气真好!)How difficult (the problem is)!((问题)真难呀!)⑻
already、yet的用法:在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句。如:Have you done it already?(你已经做好了?)I have not had my breakfast yet.(我还没有吃早饭呢。)⑼
hard与hardly的用法:hard作为副词意思是:“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly是否定词,意思是:“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用。如:They study English very hard.(他们英语学得很刻苦)You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共场所你几乎看不到一个人随地吐痰)⑽
like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法:三个短语分别表示“非常喜欢”、“更喜欢”、“最喜欢”。如:I like baseball very much.(我非常喜欢棒球)Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best.⑾
“quite/what+a+形容词+名词”的用法:记住:①quite/such/what...+a+形容词+名词;②too/so/how+形容词+a+名词;③rather+a+形容词+名词 = a+ rather+形容词+名词。如:I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我从未见过这样奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(这真是散步的好日子)⑿
how 的几个短语:
how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问;
how soon“多久以后”,用于将来时态;
how long“多久”,用于过去时、完成时或其他时态;
how many times“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问;
how much“多么,多少”,对程度进行提问,也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。如:How long have you been like this?(你这样已经多久了?)How often does he wash his face?(他每隔多久洗一次脸?)⒀
much、more与most的用法:这三个词除了是形容词作名词的修饰语之外,还是程度副词,much表示“很”,修饰原级形/副,more表示“更”用来构成多音节形/副的比较级,most表示“最”用来构成多音节形/副的最高级。此外,much也可以修饰比较级形/副。如:This park is muchmore beautiful than that one.(这公园比那个漂亮多了)It is the most instructive film I have ever seen.(这是我看过的最有教育意义的电影)⒁
no more、no longer、not...any more、no...any longer的用法:表示时间,可以用no longer、not...ny more、no...any longer,而且no longer只能放在谓语动词之前;表示程度,可以用no more、not...any more.如:He no longer lived there.(他不再住在那里)Tom wanted no more cakes.(他不想再要蛋糕)He didn’ t smoke any more/longer.(他不再抽烟)⒂
被动语态中,方式副词一般放在be与谓语动词之间。如:The runner was badly hurt.(赛跑运动员受了重伤)English is widely spoken in the world today.(如今世界上英语说得很广泛)⒃
too...to...与so...that...的问题:副词too/so后面跟形容词或副词,to后面跟动词,that后面跟从句。Too...to... (“太.……以致不……”)是否定的结构,用于简单句;so...that...(“如此…以致…”)是肯定结构,用于复合句。如:The child is too young to join the army.(这孩子年龄太小还不能参军)He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.(他这么强壮,搬得动那个重箱子。)⒄
既是形容词也是副词的单词有:early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high, low, straight等等。如:It was a long holiday.(那是个长假)/ He stayed there very long.(他在那儿呆了好久)Think hard then you will find a way.(好好想你就会找到办法)He is a very hard(难对付的) person.(他是个难玩的家伙)⒅
farther与further的用法区别:表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更远、较远”,但是further还表示“更多、进一步、额外”等意思,此时不能换为farther.如:They decided to go farther/further the next day.(他们决定第二天走得再远些)This problem will be further discussed.(这个问题还要进一步讨论)Every one of them had their further studies after they left college.(他们每个人大学毕业后继续进修)⒆
rather与quite的用法区别:同very一样,两个词都表示形容词或副词的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比预料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含义,含有令人惊讶的意思。见下图对“nice”程度的描绘:not nice (fairly) nice quite nice rather nice very nice如:It’s quite a nice film.(这是部好片子)。(可能意味着不是一部最好的电影)It’srather a nice film.(这是部很不错的电影。)(意味着比大多数电影都好)
[注意]注意quite与rather后面的次序词序。⒇
maybe、possibly、perhaps的区别:maybe“可能、也许”,比另外两个词更不正式、更随便、可能性不大;possibly“可能地、或者、也许”,可能性较大,在否定句和疑问句中表示“无论如何”;perhaps“可能”,较为常用而且正式,可能性也不大。如:You could put it over there,maybe.(也许你可以把它放在那边)I couldn’t possibly have finished such a long book in such a short time.(我不可能在这么短的时间内完成这么长的一本书)/ I thought perhaps it was the letter you have been expecting.(我以为那也许就是你期盼的信件)(21)
most、mostly的区别:most作为形容词和名词时意思是“大多数的、大部分的”,作为副词时意思为“最,十分、很”;mostly仅为副词,意思为“主要地、多半地、大部分地”。如:I was at home most of the time when I was free.(我有空时大部分时间都在家)Most children are naughty.(大部分的孩子都淘气)/ This is the most exciting part of the film.(这是电影中最令人兴奋的部分)/She is mostlyout on Sundays.(星期天她一般不在家)(22)
(be) worth、(be) worthy of的区别:worth一般被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词,用主动表示被动含义,还可以用副词well修饰;worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟动名词的被动形式。如:What is worth doing at all is worth doing well(凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做).The house is worth ¥300,000.(房子价值30万元)This book is well worth reading several times.(这本书值得好好读几遍)It is a thing worthy of being seen.(这是一个值得看的东西)(23)
almost、nearly的区别:两个词意思相近,都表示“几乎、将近”,大多数情况下可以互换,与否定词连用时用almost不用nearly. almost no 相当于hardly any(几乎没有)。如:He had done almost nothing today.(他今天几乎没有干什么)We are almost/nearly there.(我们几乎就到那里了)Almost nobody/Hardly anybody understood his words.(几乎没有人懂他的话)(24)
a bit与a little的区别:这两个名词短语经常当作副词使用,修饰形容词或副词的原级或比较级,可以互换,语气比rather弱。如:This digital camera is a bit(a little) expensive.(这台数码相机有点贵)It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷了点)另外,a little可以直接加不可数名词,a bit 则采用“a bit + of +名词(不可数或可数名词复数)”的形式。如:I have got a bit of a cold.(我有点感冒)Go and get a little water for me, please.(请你去给我搞点水来)
[注意]not a bit(=
not at all)意为“根本不”,而
not a little则意为“非常,不是一点”。一).
形容词、 副词的原级、比较级和最高级1、分类:形容词和副词有
原级、比较级和
最高级三级。原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
2、规则变化:(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上
er,est构成比较级和最高级。a)直接加
er,est :b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加
er,est:c)以辅音字母
+y结尾的,先把
y改为
i再加上
er,est:(2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加
more / most.3、不规则变化:4、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法:(1)讲述某人/物自身的情况时,用原级。基本句型是:
主语(sb./sth) + 谓语动词 + (very/too/so/quite/rather…) + 形容词/副词原级 +….如:
He is very old now.(他现在很老了)
They ran quite fast.(它们跑得相当快)
The weather looks rather bad.(天气看上去相当糟)
I am so happy!(我是如此的快乐)☆表示两者之间没有差别时,使用句型:
主语(第一个人物) + 谓语动词 + as + 形容词/副词原级 + as + 第二个人物 +….如:
He is as excited as his younger sister.(他和他妹妹一样兴奋)
Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady.(莉莉骑车像老太太一样慢)
They picked as many apples as the farmers (did).(他们摘的苹果和农民一样多)☆表示第一个人比不上第二个人时,使用句型:
主语(第一个人物)+谓语动词(否定式)+ as/so + 形容词/副词原级+as+ 第二个人物+….如:
He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.(他没他妹妹那么兴奋)
Lily did not ride her bike so as slowly as an old lady. (莉莉骑车不像老太太那样慢)
They didn’t pick so / as many apples as the farmers (did). (他们摘的苹果不如农民多)(2) 讲述两者有差异,第一个人物超过第二个人物时,用比较级。基本句型:
主语(‘A’)+谓语动词+(much/a little/even/still)+形容词/副词比较级+than+第二个人物(‘B’)+….如:
A modern train is much faster than a car.(现代的火车比轿车快多了)
This book didn’t cost me more than that one.(这本书花费我的钱不比那本多)讲述两者有差异,第一个人物不及第二个人物时,用比较级。句型是:
主语(‘A’)+ 谓语动词+ less+(多音节形/副)比较级 + than + 第二个人物(‘B’) +….如:
I think English is less difficult than maths.(我认为英语不比数学难)
Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language?(你认为学外语不那么重要吗?)(3)讲述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一个时,用最高级。句型是:
主语(sb./sth) + 谓语动词 +(the) +形容词/副词最高级 +in / of ….如:
The Changjiang River is the longest in China.(长江是中国最长的河流)
He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).(三个男生中他跳得最高)
关于比较等级的重要注释:1、 以上六个句型中,如果动词是及物或不及物动词,则后面用副词;如果后面是连系动词,则后面用形容词。如:This car is the fastest of the four.(形容词)(这辆汽车是四辆之中最快的)This car runs (the) fastest of the four.(副词)(这辆汽车是四辆之中跑得最快的)2、 “比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。如:The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越来越温暖了)3、 “the+比较级…,the+比较级…”表示“越…就越…”。如:The more trees we plant,the better it will be.(我们栽的树越多,情况就会越好)The harder you try,the greater your progress is.(你越是努力,进步就越大)1、 一般的形容词或副词的比较级前面可以加much/a little/even/still,而表示数量的more之前还可以加some/ any/ no/ one/ two/ many/ several/ a lot等词。如:It is much colder today than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷多了)Would you like some more coffee?(你还要些咖啡吗?)He did not eat any more.(他没有再吃)2、 more than / less than分别可以理解为“多于/少于”,相当于副词,more than=over; less than=under.如:I lived in New York for more than four months.(我在纽约生活了四个多月)3、 “one of the +最高级+名词(复数)”整个短语为单数含义,谓语要用单数形式。如:One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一场大火被烧毁了)4、 “Which / Who+动词+形/副,□,□or□?”句型中,如果有两个选项,形/副用比较级,如果有三个选项,形/副用最高级。如:Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?(林涛和韩梅谁的书最多?)Which is the heaviest,a pig,a horse or an elephant?(猪、马、象哪个最重?)5、 上下文中含有both/either/neither/two/twins等表示两个事物的词时,用比较级,而且往往还要加the;含有all/none/no one/ every 等表示三个或三个以上事物时,用最高级。如: --Do you like the smaller one?—Neither.(小一点的那个你喜欢吗?一个都不喜欢)--Which do you like best? –All of them!(你最喜欢哪个?全部。)
一、 介词:
一).
介词的主要用法:介词是一种虚词,
不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如:out of(从…中出来), because of(因为), away from(距离…), on top of(在…顶上), ever since(自从…), next to(在…隔壁), according to(根据…), in front of(在…前方)等。一).
介词的分类:1.
地点(位置、范围)介词:above在…前, about在…附近, across在…对面, after在…后面, against倚着..., along在…近旁, among在…中间, around在…周围, behind在...后, in the middle of在...的中间, at the end of在...的末端,等等。2.
方向(目标趋向)介词:across横越..., against对抗..., along沿着..., around绕着..., round环绕..., at朝着..., behind向…后面, etween…and…past经过/超过..., away from远离...3.
时间介词:about大约..., after在…以后, at在… (时刻), before在…以前, by到…为止, during在…期间, for有(之久), from从…(时)起, in在(上/下午), past过了…(时), ,at the time of在...时4.
方式介词:as作为/当作..., by用/由/..., in用…(语言), like与…一样, on骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机), over通过(收音机), through通过..., with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼), without没有…5.
涉及介词: about关于..., except除了…, besides除了…还... for对于/就…而言, in在…(方面), of…的,有关..., on关于/有关..., to对…而言, towards针对..., with就…而言6.
其它介词:a) 【目的介词】 for为了..., from防止…, to为了…b) 【原因介词】 for因为..., with由于…, because of因为...c) 【比较介词】 as与…一样,like象…一样,than比...,to与…相比, unlike与…不同d) 【伴随/状态介词】 against和…一起(比赛),at在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in穿着…(衣服/颜色),into变成...,on在(值日), with与…一起,有/带着/长着..., without没有/无/不与…一起二).
介词短语的句法作用:介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如:
The man came <down the stairs>.(状)(那个人走下楼来)
The woman <with a flower on her head> is from the countryside.(定)(头上戴花的妇女来自乡下)
The teacher is now with the pupils.(表)(老师现在和学生在一起)三). 介词短语
在句子中的位置:1、 介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾;介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后;介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如:He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(状语)(他想来年在上海找份好工作)They searched the room for the thief.(他们在房间里搜索小偷)The letters are for you.(表语)(信是给你的)Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定语)(你看见一只黑头白腿的猫了吗?)
2、[重要注释:]⑴
this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等词构成的时间短语,前面
不用任何介词。如:Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有国外的游客游览平窑)He had a bad cold that week.(那个星期他患重感冒)⑵
for有时用来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语,常翻译成“对于…而言”。如:It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(让我在区区一个小时内完成这项工作太难了)The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子够大的可以容10个人住)
⑶of有时用来表示后面的人物正好是前面的表语的逻辑主语。如:It’s very nice/kind of you to do so.(你这么做真是太好了)⑷ 介词有时会与它的宾语分离,而且宾语前置。① 当宾语是疑问词时。Who are you talking about?(你们在谈论谁?)② 宾语在从句中当连接词时。He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.(他有 一个需要他照顾的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?(你知道我们的老师在那边和什么人谈话吗?)③ 动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。I finally found a chair to sit on.(我 最终找到了一张椅子坐。)(1) 记住一些固定词组:arrive at/in(到达…) on foot(步行) not…at all(根本不)to the north of(在…以北) in the east of(在…的东部) in the night(在夜间)at night(在晚上) be afraid of(害怕…) be full of(充满/ 装满….)be filled with(充满) look after(照料…) be made of(由…做成)look for(寻找…) help sb. with(帮某人做…) be good/bad for(对…有益/有害)be made from(由…制造) play with(玩耍……) look out of(朝…外面看)at the end of(结束时) by the end of(到…末为止) on a bike(=by bike)骑车with the help of (在…的帮助下) get on (well) with(与某人相处[融洽]),等等。
3、某些介词的用法辨析:⑴ 时间或地点介词
in、on、at的用法区别:表示时间时,
in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后),
on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等,
at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间; 表示地点时,
in表示在某个范围之内,
on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,
at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如:He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)I usually get up at 7:00in the morning.(我通常在早上的七点钟起床)His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)He is at the cinemaat the moment.(此刻他正在电影院)(2)
after与
in表示时间的用法区别:“
after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在…时刻之后”常用于一般时态;“
in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如:He said that he would be here after 6:00.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来)⑶
since与
for表示时间的用法区别:“
since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从…起一直到现在”,“
for +(一段斶间)”表示“总共有…之久”,都常用于完成时态;如:Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自从1970年起就在这家工厂工作了)Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了30多年)⑷
by、in与
with表示方式的用法区别:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是
by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;
in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,
with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)Please write that article(文章)in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章)Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)
/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的)⑸
about与
on的用法区别:都可以表示“有关…”,但是
about的意义比较广,而
on主要表示“有关…(专题/课程)”。如:Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(汤姆要作一个美国历史的报告)They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他们兴致勃勃地谈论着即将来到的野外旅游)⑹
through与
across、over的用法区别:
through指“穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)”;
across和
over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过…”时只能用over.如:Just then a rat (鼠)ran acros