[资料共享]英语语法

1． 概念：表示过去的过去

其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在

2． 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

b. 状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3．过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。

例如：He said that he had learned some English before.

By the time he was twelve, Edison
had began to make a living by himself.

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left
when he arrived at the party.

1．其构成形式如下：

I / we / they have been + 动词的现在分词

He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词 功用如下：

2． 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如：

Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.

Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

3．表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如：

It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)

Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.

4． 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如：

She has been playing tennis since she was eight.

5． 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如：

Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the
car.

The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.

注意：

现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。 现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以 现在完成进行时的否定结构 现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。

如： Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t
been sleeping at all well. 自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后，我一直睡得很不好.

He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much
contact with him. 他并没有给我工作过，我和他没有过那许多接触。

6．否定句构成：

主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词

7．一般疑问句构成:

Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他