[资料共享]　英语语法知识难点（一）

　（一） 形容词和副词

　　I． 要点

　　A． 形容词

　　1、 形容词的用法

　　形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。

如：

　　He is honest and hardworking.

　　I found the book interesting.

　　某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：

　　The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.

　　The English like to be with their families.

　　多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：

　　冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态（描述性）+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：

　　the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.

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　　2、 形容词比较等级的形式

　　（1） 规则形式

　　一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; --est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如：

　　great-greater-greatest

　　busy-busier-busiest

　　important-more important-(the)most important

　　（2） 不规则形式

　　good (well)-better-best

　　bad (ill)-worse-worst

　　many (much)-more-most

　　little-less-least

　　（3） 形容词比较等级的用法

　　①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如：

　　He is cleverer than the other boys.

　　This one is more beautiful than that one.

　　②表示两者以上的比较，用"the +形容词最高级（+名词）+of(in) …"如：

　　He is the cleverest boy in his class.

　　③表示两者是同等程度，用"as +形容词原级+as". 如：

　　He is as tall as I.

　　I have as many books as you.

　　④ 越… 越…

　　例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.

　　⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好

　　又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.

　　你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。

　　⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.

　　那一天是最令我担心的一天。

　　I have never had a better dinner.

　　这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。

　　⑦ My English is no better than yours.

　　我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。

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　　B．副词

　　1、 副词的种类

　　（1） 时间副词 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等

　　（2） 地点副词 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。

　　（3） 方式副词 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。

　　（4） 程度副词 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。

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　　2、 副词比较等级的用法

　　其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：

　　Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.

　　We must work harder.

　　3、 某些副词在用法上的区别

　　（1） already, yet, still

　　already表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：

　　We've already watched that film.

　　I haven't finished my homework yet.

　　He still works until late every night.

　　（2） too, as well, also, either

　　too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：

　　He went there too.

　　He didn't go there either.

　　I like you as well.

　　I also went there.

　　(3) hard, hardly

　　hardly意为"几乎"与hard在词义上完全不同。如：

　　I work hard every day.

　　I can hardly remember that.

　　(4) late, lately

　　lately意为"最近、近来"，late意为"晚、迟"。如：

　　He never comes late.

　　Have you been to the museum lately?

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　　II． 例题

　　例1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____

　　A high enough B tall enough

　　C enough high C enough tall

　　解析：该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。

　　例2 ____ the worse I seem to be.

　　A When I take more medicine

　　B The more medicine I take

　　C Taking more of the medicine

　　D More medicine taken

　　解析：该题正确答案为B。"the+形容词比较级+… , the +形容词比较级+…"意为越…，越…。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。

　　例3"I haven't been to London yet".

　　"I haven't been there ____".

　　A too B also C either D neither

　　解析：该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定"两者都不"，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为"也"。

　　例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.

　　A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply

　　解析：该题正确答案为B。A. deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词，不能互相修饰。

　　（二） 介词

　　I． 要点

　　1、介词和种类

　　（1） 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。

　　（2） 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。

　　2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系

　　（1） 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。

　　（2） 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at

　　（3） 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.

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　　3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如：

　　He came right after dinner.

　　He lives directly opposite the school.

　　4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例

　　（1） at, on, in（表时间）

　　表示时间点用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。

　　指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。

　　指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。

　　（2） between, among（表位置）

　　between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如

　　I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.

　　The village lies between three hills.

　　among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：

　　He is the best among the students.

　　（3） beside, besides

　　beside意为"在…旁边"，而besides意为"除…之外"。如：

　　He sat beside me.

　　What do you want besides this?

　　（4）in the tree, on the tree

　　in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上

　　（5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way

　　on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道

　　by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法

　　（6）in the corner, at the corner

　　in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外

　　（7）in the morning, on the morning

　　in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨

　　（8）by bus, on the bus

　　by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车

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　　II． 例题

　　例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?

　　A except B but C beside D besides

　　解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为"除了…"，C-beside意为"在…旁边"，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为"除了…之外，还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？

　　例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.

　　A on B at C in D during

　　解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。

　　例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.

　　A to B in C at D on

　　解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为"期望、盼望"。

　　（三） 连词

　　I． 要点

　　1、 连词的种类

　　（1） 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。

　　（2） 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。

　　除了从属连词（引导状语从句）外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词（引导名词性从句），关系代词和关系副词（引导定语从句）。

　　2、 常用连词举例

　　(1)and 和，并且

　　They drank and sang all night.

　　(2) both…and 和， 既…也…

　　Both my parents and I went there.

　　(3) but 但是，而

　　I'm sad, but he is happy.

　　(4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么…

　　Either you're wrong, or I am.

　　(5) for因为

　　I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.

　　(6) however 然而，可是

　　Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.

　　(7) neither…nor 既不…也不

　　Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.

　　(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…

　　He not only sings well, but also dances well.

　　(9) or 或者，否则

　　Hurry up, or you'll be late.

　　Are you a worker or a doctor?

　　(10) so 因此，所以　　

       It's getting late, so I must go.

　　(11) although 虽然

　　Although it was late, they went on working.

　　(12) as soon as 一 …就

　　I'll tell him as soon as I see him.

　　(13) because 因为

　　He didn't go to school, because he was ill.

　　（14）unless 除非，如果不

　　I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.

　　（15）until 直到…
　　He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until 结构)

　　He stayed there until eleven.

　　（16）while 当…时候，而 (表示对比)

　　While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)

　　My pen is red while his is blue.

　　（17）for 因为

　　He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的)

　　（18）since自从…

　　I have lived here since my uncle left.

　　（19）hardly… when 一…就

　　I had hardly got to the station when the train left.

　　（20）as far as 就… 来说

　　As far as I know, that country is very small.

　　You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)

　　II． 例题

　　例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.

　　A as well B as well as C so well D so well as

　　解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。 和…一样好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为B。

　　例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.

　　A when B where C which D while

　　解析：该处意为"然而"，只有while有此意思，故选D。

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