[资料共享]虚拟语气用法总结

楼主^#

更多发布于：2015-10-25 23:22

语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
语气的种类：
（1）陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的，确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句，疑问句和某些感叹句。如 We are ready. What a fine day it is!
（2）祈使语气表示说话人的建议，请求，邀请，命令等。如 Open the door, Please.
应注意以下几点：
主语通常是第二人称you，但多不出现，动词用原形，否定用do not 或者don’t 加动词原形（或be）如 Be careful next time. Don’t smoke here.
有时为了强调，主语也可以出现，而且可以是第三人称，谓语动词不加-s或者-es 如 You be quiet. He stand up.
祈使语气可以用do加强语气如 Do come to see this Sunday.
在Let’s 的祈使句后，疑问部分通常用shall we；在Let us后，疑问部分用will you 如 Let’s go out for a walk after supper，shall we? /Let us clean our classroom, will you?
祈使句与连词and连用时相当于一个条件句，而and之后则是表示结果。如 Think hard and you will have a good idea.
（3）虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望，假设或推测等。如 If I were you, I should study English.
一．虚拟语气在条件从句的用法
条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句；一类是非真实条件句，也就是虚拟条件句。
如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句，谓语要用陈述语气。如 If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park.
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如 If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气，列表如下：
　　　从句（条件句）　　　　主句（结果句）

与现在事实相反的假设
动词过去式
Be一般用were Should
Would +动词原形
Could
Might

与过去事实相反的假设
　　Had +分词 Should
Would + have+ 过去分词
Could
Might
与将来事实相反的假设或实现的可能性很小 1）should+ 动词原形
2）were to+动词原形 Should
Would + 动词原形
Could
Might
例如：If he were here, everything would be all right.
If her mother had taken the doctor’s advice, she would/might have got well earlier.
If it were to rain tomorrow, the match would be canceled.
有时候省略if，采用局部倒装语序。把had /should/were 等动词（不包括行为动词）移到从句的句首。例如：
Were it to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be canceled.
Had it not been for the storm, we would have arrived in time.
Should the earth stop running, what would happen?
二. 错综时间条件句
有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时需要根据意思采用表示不同时间的动词形式来进行调整。
If she had taken the doctor’s advice, she might still be alive.
If I were you, I would have accepted their terms.
三．含蓄条件句
1.有时候假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。
如 Without air(If there were no air), there would be no living things.
But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help), I couldn’t have done it.
2. 假设的条件通过上下文表现出来。
I would go abroad for further study but that I am poor.
I was ill that day. Otherwise I would have taken part in the party.
3. 表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
（1）省去条件从句 You could have washed your clothes yourself. （你本可以自己洗衣服的。）省去了If you had wanted to。（事实是：你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。）
（2）省去主句（常用以表示愿望）If my grandmother were with me! (如果我的祖母和我在一起多好啊！)事实是：祖母已不在世。
四、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用
① “wish+宾语从句”表示不可能实现的愿望，汉语可译为“可惜……、悔不该……、但愿……”。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式；
表示将来不可能实现的愿望用“would/could+动词原形”；
表示过去不可能实现的愿望时用“had+过去分词”。如：
I wish I were better-looking. 要是我长得再漂亮些就好了。
I wish I had met the film star just now. 我要是刚才遇到那位电影明星该多好啊！
I wish I would be a solider. 我想当一名军人。
【考例】
How I wish every family a large house with a beautiful garden! (上海 2002春)
A. has B. had
C. will have D. had had
【答案】B。
② 在表示建议、要求、愿望、命令、坚持、想法(advise, command, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, suggest)等动词后面的宾语从句，或这些动词的同源名词后面所跟的同位语从句或表语从句中，从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，其中在美国英语中，should常省略。如：
The young man insisted that I (should) go with his fellows. 这个年轻人坚持要我同他的同伴们一起去。
The doctor advised that he change his job. 医生建议他换工作。
【考例】Teachers recommend parents their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. (福建 2010)
A. not allow B. do not allow
C. mustn’t allow D. couldn’t allow
【答案】A。
③ 在would rather后的宾语从句中，谓语常常用过去时来表示现在或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。如：
— Shall I open the window? 我可以把窗户打开吗?
— I’d rather you didn’t. 我觉得还是不要。
【考例】
George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he more on its culture. (江苏2010)
A. focus B. focused
C. would focus D. had focused
【答案】B。
④ 在It is +形容词(important, necessary, good, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising) +that从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“(should)+动词原形”的结构。如：
It is natural that she (should) do so. 很自然她应该这样做。
【考例】
— Don’t you think it necessary that he to Miami but to New York?
— I agree, but the problem is he has refused to. (江苏2005)
A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what
【答案】B。
五、虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用
1. if only的条件状语从句中的虚拟语气
if only 与 I wish一样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所接虚拟语气的时态与 wish 后所接时态的情况相同。如：
If only the player had had more courage! 这位选手再多有一些勇气就好了。
If only Daisy would go with me! 黛茜要是愿意和我一起去就好了!
【考例】
Look at the trouble I am in! If only I your advice. (上海 2003春)
A. followed B. would follow
C. had followed D. should follow
【答案】C。
2. as if (as though)方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。
(1) as if 从句用陈述语气的情况。
当说话者所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时。如：
It sounds as if it is raining. 听起来像是在下雨。
(2) as if 从句用虚拟语气的情况。
当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句虚拟语气动词时态的形式如下：
① 从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。如：
He talks as if he knew where she was. 他说话的样子，好像他知道她在哪里似的。
② 从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”。如：
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before. 他说起罗马来好像他以前去过似的。
③ 从句表示将来发生的可能性不大，谓语动词用“would (could, might)＋动词原形”。如：
It looks as if it might snow. 看起来好像要下雪了。
3. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气
（1）以in order that, so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语多用could/might+动词原形，在口语中常用can/could+动词原形
She took a taxi so that she could get there on time.
(2)以lest, for fear that和in case 引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用（should）+动词原形。
She took an umbrella with her lest/for fear that/in case it should rain.
六．其他形式的虚拟语气
1. It’ s time that句型中的虚拟语气
在It’ s time that句型中，从句谓语通常用一般过去时或should+动词原形 (should不能省略)，其意为“(早)该做某事了”。如：
It’s high time that we were off. 是我们该走的时候了。
2.在would/had rather, would(just) as soon, would sooner和 would prefer结构中，也用虚拟语气。共同特点是：从句中动词用一般过去时，表示现在或将来要做的事；用过去完成时，则表示过去的情况。
I’d rather you left tomorrow.
I would just as soon you had told me the truth yesterday.
I would rather have bought the dictionary.
3. 表示“祝愿”时，常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其它”。如：
May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风！
May your youth last forever! 祝你青春永驻！

■强化训练■
1. more careful, his bus would not have knocked into the tree.
A. If the driver were　　　 B. Had the driver been
C. Should the driver be　　 D. If the driver would have been
2. the football competition, I would have gone to the concert yesterday.
A. In spite of 　 B. But for　 C. Because of D. As for
3. Look at the terrible situation you are in! If only you my advice!
A. listen to　　 B. would listen to C. had listened to　 D. have listened to
4. Had Henry received two more votes in the last election, he our monitor now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were　　 D. would be
5. If the athlete won today, he eight races in a game.
A. would have won B. won　　 C. must have won　 D. did have won
6. It is time that our mayor measures to protect the poor in the street.
A. takes　　 B. took　　 C. has taken　 D. taking
7. If I had read the report, I _______ you all about it now.
A. would tell　　 B. will tell　 C. have told　　 D. would have told
8. — It’s a pity you didn’t won the competition.
— I had had more practice.
A. If only B. As if C. If not D. As with
Key: 1-5 BBCDA
　　6-8 BAA