[资料共享]英语语法知识难点（二）

（四）动词时态、语态

　　I． 要点

　　1、 一般现在时

　　（1） 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如：

　　Sometimes, we go swimming after school.

　　（2） 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：

　　The earth goes round the sun.

　　2、 现在进行时

　　(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如：

　　What are you doing now?

　　(2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：

　　He is always doing good deeds.

　　3、 现在完成时

　　主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如:

　　Have you ever been to Beijing?

　　4、一般将来时

　　表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如：

　　I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.

　　We're going to see a film next Monday.

　　5、一般过去时

　　表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如：

　　It happened many years ago.

　　6、过去进行时

　　表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：

　　What were you doing this time yesterday?

　　7、 过去完成时

　　表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：

　　The train had already left before we arrived.

　　８、一般过去将来时

　　表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：

　　He said he would come, but he didn't.

　　９、被动语态

　　被动语态的时态，以give为例。

　　II．例题

　　例１ I learned that her father ____ in 1950.

　　A had died B died C dead D is dead

　　解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。

　　例２ The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.

　　A is looked B has looked for

　　C is being looked for D has been looked

　　解析：该题正确答案为Ｃ。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。

　　（五）动词虚拟语气

　　I． 要点

　　表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。

　　１、 虚拟语气的构成

　　
　　１、动词过去时

　　２、should +动词原形

　　３、were to +动词原形


　　注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去, 但要倒装。如：

　　Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.

　　２、 虚拟语气在各种从句的应用

　　（１） 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是"should(可省) ＋动词原形"，常用于以下三种句型中。

　　句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…

　　句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…

　　句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…

　　如： It is strange that he (should) have done that.

　　It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.

　　It is requested that we (should) be so careless.

　　（２） 在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如：

　　I suggest that we (should) go swimming.

　　（３） 在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：

　　His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.

　　（４） 在同位语从句中，谓语形式是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：

　　We received order that the work be done at once.

　　（５） 在It is time that…句型中，其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或

　　"should ＋动词原形",should不可省。如：

　　It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.

　　II． 例题

　　例１ We had hoped that he ____ longer.

　　A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay

　　解析：该题正确答案为Ｄ。had hoped表示"本希望"，同样用法的动词还有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气

　　例２ "Mary wants to see you today".

　　"I would rather she ____ tomorrow than today."

　　A comes B came C should come D will come

　　解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。would rather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。

　　例３ Had she been older, she ____ it better.

　　A had done B might have done

　　C might do D would do

　　解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故该题正确答案为Ｂ。

　　（六）短语动词

　　I． 要点

　　英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：

　　（１） 动词＋介词

　　常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：

　　Don't laugh at others.

　　I didn't care about it.

　　（２） 动词＋副词

　　常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：

　　You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.

　　Please don't forget to hand it in.

　　（３） 动词＋副词＋介词

　　常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：

　　All his money added up to no more than $100.

　　After a short rest, he went on with his research work.

　　（４） 动词＋名词＋介词

　　常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：

　　You should pay attention to your handwriting.

　　We should make full use of our time.

　　（５） 动词＋形容词

　　常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：

　　The prisoners were set free.

　　He cut it open.

　　（６） 动词＋名词

　　常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：

　　This story took place three years ago.

　　I make friends with a lot of people.

　　（7）辨析

　　give away(让给，暴露)和 give up（放弃，停止）

　　put away（放起，收起）和 put out （扑灭）

　　turn up（出席，放大）和 turn on （打开）

　　keep out（阻止）和 keep off （不让靠近）

　　make up（编造，补上）和 make out（辨认）

　　take off（脱，起飞）和 take out（拿出）

　　II． 例题

　　例１ It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.

　　A put away B kept up C given away D laid up

　　解析：该题正确答案为Ａ。意为"存"；keep up意为"继续"；give away意为"分发"；lay up"贮藏"。

　　例２ Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.

　　A touch B relation C connection D friendship

　　解析：该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词，意为"保持联系"。

　　例３ ____! There's a train coming.

　　A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on

　　解析：该题选A. look out 意为"小心"。

　　（七）动词不定式

　　I． 要点

　　１、 不定式的形式。以动词write为例。

　　２、 不定式的句法功能

　　（１） 作主语

　　To hear from you is nice.

　　To be a good teacher is not easy.

　　不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：

　　It's nice to hear from you.

　　It's not easy to be a good teacher.

　　（２） 作宾语

　　通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等词后。如：

　　I forgot to lock the door.

　　Please remember to write to me.

　　（３） 作表语

　　My job is to pick up letters.

　　He seemed to have heard nothing.

　　（４） 作定语

　　不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：

　　I have two letters to write.

　　I have a lot of work to do.

　　（５） 作宾补

　　通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等词后。如：

　　He ordered her to leave at once.

　　He was forced to obey his order.

　　（６） 作状语

　　He got up early to catch the first bus.

　　He worked hard to catch up with the other students.

　　（７） 作独立成分

　　To tell you the truth, I told a lie.

　　（８） "疑问词＋不定式"结构。 如：

　　I don't know how to choose them.

　　I cannot decide where to go.

　　（9）不定式的否定式。如：

　　I decided not to go.

　　（10）不定式的完成式。如：

　　He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.

　　The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.

　　（11）too…to 结构。如：

　　He was too excited to go to sleep.

　　He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，乐意去)

　　（12）主动表被动。如：

　　The book is easy to read.

　　I have a book to read.

　　II．例题

　　例１ I haven't got a chair ____.

　　A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting

　　解析：该题选C。不定式to sit on在句中作定语，修饰名词chair. 因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是"动宾关系"，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。

　　例2 He was made ____.

　　A go B gone C going D to go

　　解析：该题选D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。

　　例3 A new factory is ____ very soon.

　　A to be built B built

　　C to build D to building

　　解析：该题选A。is to be built意为"将要被建"。

　　（八）动名词

　　I． 要点

　　动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。

　　１、 动名词的形式，以write为例。

　　否定式 not +动名词

　　２、 动名词的用法

　　（１） 作主语

　　Playing football is my favorite sport.

　　Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.

　　作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时，可用it作形式主语。如：

　　It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.

　　（２） 作宾语

　　I enjoy playing PC game.

　　He gave up writing five years ago.

　　（３） 作表语

　　What he hated most was doing nothing.

　　Seeing is believing.

　　动名词作表语时，句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。

　　（４） 作定语

　　There's a dining room in my school.

　　All the people watching laughed.

　　（５） 动名词的复合结构"物主代词（或名词的所有格）+动名词"。如：

　　Tom's going home late made her mother angry.

　　Would you mind my opening the window?

　　不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格）。

　　①无生命名词

　　The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.

　　Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.

　　②有生命名词，但表泛指。

　　Have you ever heard of girls smoking?

　　③两个以上的有生命的名词并列。

　　Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?

　　3．后面常接动名词的动词和短语

　　mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine,

　　keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit,

　　be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing,

　　can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing,

　　look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing,

　　devote to doing, lead to doing

　　II．例题

　　例１ She says she doesn't feel like ____ out with you.

　　A going B to go C for going D went

　　解析：该题正确答案为A。 feel like = want, 此处like 为介词，后面要接名词或动名词作宾语

　　例２ The garden needs ____.

　　A water B watering C to water D watered

　　解析：该题正确答案为B。 need = want = require. 如果物作主语，此三者后要接动名词或to be done这一结构作宾语。

　　例３ Excuse me ____ you.

　　A interrupting B to interrupt

　　C interrupted D to have interrupted

　　解析：该题正确答案为A。excuse 后接动名词作宾语，此句中的me为动名词的逻辑主语（常用于口语中）。

　　（九）分词

　　I． 要点

　　分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。

　　过去分词的句法功能：

　　１、 作定语

　　I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.

　　The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.

　　２、 作表语

　　When I came into the room, I found the window was broken.

　　I'm interested in this book.

　　３、 作宾语补足语

　　I'm going to have my bike repaired.

　　When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.

　　4、作状语

　　Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.

　　The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students.

　　现在分词的句法功能。

　　1、作状语

　　Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful.

　　Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him.

　　2、作宾语

　　I hate being spoken ill of.

　　He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation.

　　3、作表语

　　Seeing is believing.

　　The book is interesting.

　　4、作宾语补足语

　　I noticed him crossing the street.

　　Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen.

　　5、作定语

　　Do you know the man writing a letter?

　　The worker running a machine is my brother.

　　分词使用中的几个问题

　　1、现在分词的完成式

　　Having cleaned the room, I went out.

　　2、现在分词的否定式

　　Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.

　　3、现在分词与过去分词的不同

　　现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成

　　I found the man killed there.

　　I found the man standing there.

　　4、have结构

　　We have the car repaired.

　　We have repaired the car.

　　We have Tom repair the car.

　　We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning.

　　5、分词作表语

　　We were excited at the news.

　　The football game is exciting.

　　6、独立主格结构

　　It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.

　　II． 例题

　　例1、Time_______， I'll go on a picnic with you.

　　A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting

　　解析：该题答案为D。 Time permitting…是独立主格结构，意为"如果时间允许的话…"

　　例2、_______ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker.

　　A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking

　　解析：该题答案为C。主语she是被问。