[资料共享]讲义-虚拟语气

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更多发布于：2015-10-06 13:01

虚拟语气
虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中)。
虚拟语气用于条件句
与现在事实相反
If I were you，I wouldn't do it.
如果我是你，我就不去做这件事。
If you hurried，you would catch the bus.
你要是赶快，你是会搭上车的。
(可你是这样慢吞吞的。)
If he were here，everything would be all right.
要是他在这儿，一切都没问题了。
与过去事实相反
If you had got up earlier，you would have caught the train.
如果你早点儿起来，你就会赶上火车了。
If I had been there，I would have helped her.
如果我那时在那儿，我就帮助她了。
If I hadn't taken your advice，I would have made a big mistake.
我要不是听了你的劝告，就会犯大错误。
与将来事实相反
If it rained tomorrow，we should stay at home.
如果明天下雨，我们就待在家里。
(最近天气好，下雨的可能性不大。)
If he should come，I could have a talk with him.
如果他来，我就能跟他谈谈。
If I were to do it，I would do it in a different way.
要是我来做这件事，我会用另一种方法。
省略if的虚拟条件从句
如果条件状语从句的谓语动词有were，had或should，可以把if省去，而把were，had或should移到主语前面，以倒装形式表示虚拟条件。例如：
Were I you，I would do the same.
如果我是你，我也会这样做。(＝If I were you)
错综时间条件句
当条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致的时候(如一个发生在过去，一个发生在现在)，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。例如：
If he had listened to me，he would not be in trouble now.
如果他当时听了我的话，现在就不会遇到麻烦了。
If he had told me yesterday，I should know what to do now.
假如他昨天告诉我了，我现在就会知道该怎么办了。
虚拟语气用于宾语从句
虚拟语气除了用于条件句中表示假设情况以外，它还可以用于宾语从句中，表示要求、命令、愿望、劝告、惊奇、怀疑等意义。
suggest 等＋从句
在suggest(建议)等动词后的宾语从句中要求用“should＋动词原形”或只用动词原形。例如：
He suggested that we (should) save some money for the future.他建议我们为将来攒点儿钱。
wish 后的宾语从句
wish后的宾语从句表示不能实现的愿望。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“could/would/might＋动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”或“could/would/might＋have＋过去分词”。
I wish I were as strong as you.
我希望像你一样健壮。(与现在事实相反)
I wish he could go with us tomorrow.
但愿明天他能同我们一起去。(与将来事实相反)
I wish I had never met him.
我希望我从未遇见他。(与过去事实相反)
would rather 后的宾语从句
would rather 后的宾语从句
虚拟语气用在would rather，had rather，would as soon，would sooner之后的宾语从句中，表示“希望，宁愿”，表示现在或将来的情况，谓语动词用过去时；表示过去的情况，谓语动词用过去完成时。
I'd rather you didn't do it.
我宁愿你不去做这件事。
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
我宁愿你明天来。
I had rather you hadn't told her the news.
你要是没把那个消息告诉她就好了。
在if only引起的表示愿望的感叹句中要用虚拟语气
(和 wish 后宾语从句中谓语动词的形式一样)，意为“但愿”“要是……就好了”。例如：
If only I were ten years younger.
我要是年轻10岁就好了。
If only I had listened to her advice.
我要是听了她的建议多好。
Oh，if only he would come！
要是他能来就好了！
题一
题面
—Were you in time for the lecture?
—If I ________ told earlier，I would have.
A．had been
B．was
C．were to be
D．should be
题二
题面
If I ________ plan to do anything I wanted to，I'd like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.
A．would
B．could
C．had to
D．ought to
情态动词注意事项
表示推测时,can不能用在肯定句中;must, may和might不能用在疑问句中。
回答must引出的问句时,如果是否定回答,一般不用mustn’t,而要用needn’t或don’t have to。
-Must we hand in our exercise books today?
-No, you don't have to. (No, you needn't.)
回答表示请求的may引导的问句时,不可用may not,而要用mustn’t。
-May I use your ruler?
-No, you mustn't.
在回答could/would引导的表示请求的一般疑问句时，不能用could/would回答，而要用can/will.
-Could you tell me how to get to the hospital?
-Of course, I can.
题三
题面
在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能），might /could（也许，或许）。
It ____ be Ning’s. It has her name on it 。
The guitar_____ belong to Alice. She plays the guitar.
题四
题面
否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。
It _____ be the headmaster. He has gone to America.
He ______ know the scientist.
他也许不认识那位科学家。 疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。 题五
题面
______ he finish the task?
他可能把任务完成吗？ ______ he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗？ 情态动词表推测
对将来情况的推测，用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。 She must / may / might / could arrive before 5. 5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。 She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone. 她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。
对现在或一般情况的推测，用“情态动词 + be”，“情态动词 +be doing”或“情态动词 + 动词原形”。
He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。 He can’ t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。 Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ? 布什先生一向准时，这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢？ 对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。 It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet. 地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着，他不可能/可能不在家。 Can / Could he have gotten the book？ 难道他找到书了吗？

讲义参考答案
题一
答案：A
题二
答案：B
题三
答案：must; may/might /could
题四
答案：can’ t; may/might not
题五
答案：can; can

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[资料共享]讲义-虚拟语气

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